tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67054838280414237442024-03-05T10:26:20.152+00:00Arqueologia Experimental e Experimentação didácticaArqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.comBlogger102125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-33931809164138232672012-03-12T17:10:00.000+00:002012-03-12T17:10:59.105+00:00Cones de percussão resultantes da fracturação dinâmica com seixos não modificados e modificadosGalán et al. (2009) indicaram que a fracturação de ossos frescos de <i>Bos taurus</i> com seixos modificados tende a resultar em cones de percussão mais compridos e estreitos, comparativamente à fracturação com seixos não modificados. Estes autores basearam-se numa amostra de 11 e 5 cones de percussão, com seixos não modificados e modificados, respectivamente. A nossa amostra corresponde a 19 cones de percussão realizados aquando da fracturação de ossos longos de <i>Bos</i> <i>taurus</i> em estado fresco com seixos modificados (Tabela 1).<br />
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Tabela 1. Comparação de resultados. As amostras de Galán et al. (2009) estão assinaladas com um *.</div>
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A confrontação das distintas amostras (Gráfico 1) permite dar um maior suporte às sugestões de Galán et al. (2009). De salientar a menor variação indicada pelo intervalo de confiança de 95% presente na nossa amostra.<br />
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Gráfico 1. Comparação das amostras de Galán et al. (2009) assinaladas com um * com as obtidas nas nossas experimentações.</div>
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Referência bibliográfica</div>
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Galán, A.B., Rodríguez, M., de Juana, S., Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., 2009. A new experimental study on percussion marks and notches and their bearing on the interpretation of hammerstone-broken faunal assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 776-784.</div>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-37796820816842514232012-03-09T22:58:00.000+00:002012-03-09T22:58:35.111+00:00Abstract - Breaking the bones: taphonomic indicators in experimental dynamic fracturation of bovid long bones<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Estivemos presentes no I Congresso Internacional de Zooarqueologia em Portugal com alguns dos resultados das experimentações de fracturação de ossos longos de <i>Bos</i> <i>taurus</i>. Deixamos aqui o resumo da comunicação e nos próximos dias iremos apresentar alguns dos novos resultados.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Breaking the bones: taphonomic indicators in experimental dynamic fracturation of bovid long bones</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Nelson Almeida<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">123</span></span>, Sara Cura<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">123</span></span>, Pedro Cura<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">123</span> </span>& <span class="s2">Palmira Saladié</span><span class="s3"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">145</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="s4"><i>nelsonjalmeida@gmail.com</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="s5"><i>1 </i></span><span class="s4"><i>GQP-CG, Quaternary and Prehistory Group, Geosciences Centre, Coimbra, Portugal</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="s5"><i>2 </i></span><span class="s4"><i>ITM, Instituto Terra e Memória, Mação, Portugal</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="s5"><i>3 </i></span><span class="s4"><i>Museu de Arte Pré-Histórica e do Sagrado no Vale do Tejo, Mação, Portugal </i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="s5"><i>4 </i></span><span class="s4"><i>IPHES, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Tarragona, Catalunha, Espanha</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="s5"><i>5 </i></span></span><span class="s4"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">URV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Àrea de Prehistòria, Tarragona, Catalunha, Espanha</span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Keywords: Dynamic fracturation; <i>Bos taurus</i>; long bones; fracture plane; percussion marks </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">A wide variety of international research projects dealing with actualistic studies of bone biomechanics have been produced and disseminated in the last decades. The majority of these papers deal with the problems of differentiation between carnivore and anthropic fracturation, i.e., static and dynamic loading in long bones. Some taphonomic indicators have been showed to allow separation between different accumulation agents in experimental and archaeological assemblages, helping in discussions related to different access to archaeofaunistical remains. The majority of these actualistic works were achieved with unmodified pebbles and <i>Bos taurus </i>fresh bones.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">In this communication we present the results of a series of dynamic loading fracturation of <i>Bos taurus </i>long bones. Modified quartzite implements and bones in different conditions or “freshness” indexes were fractured and the resulting fragments analyzed. Although preliminary, the analysis of the fracture planes, longitude and circumference of the diaphysis, as well as other indicators (e.g. fragment measurements, percussion pits plus notches%, impact flakes%), allows the elaboration of some considerations.</span></div>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-9952289829757978192011-12-15T11:48:00.000+00:002011-12-15T11:48:35.135+00:00Fracturação em estado descongelado e congelado: ângulos<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Nos últimos meses temos apresentado alguns resultados das experimentações de fracturação de ossos longos de <i>Bos</i> <i>taurus</i> em estado fresco. De modo a ampliar a panóplia de elementos de comparação, apresentamos agora os resultados das medições dos graus dos planos de fractura em alguns elementos das novas amostras, nomeadamente em estado descongelado (D) e congelado (C).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">É interessante a comparação com os resultados da amostra em estado fresco pois, ainda que não exista uma grande discrepância de valores com a amostra descongelado, a amostra congelado difere claramente da amostra fresco.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Através do estudo da longitude e secção/circunferências das diáfises, dos planos de fractura (delineação, ângulo, superfície) e da medição efectiva dos graus dos planos de fractura, começamos a ter resultados que efectivamente demonstram a diferença que os "índices de frescura" têm na modificação dos planos de fractura.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Os próximos passos envolvem o alargamento das amostras existentes e a criação de novas como por exemplo após cremação e fervura.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">Nelson Almeida</span></div>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-40291734480983845012011-12-02T10:52:00.003+00:002011-12-02T11:26:23.941+00:00Poster: Trabalho experimental sobre armação de cervídeo (Cervus elaphus) utilizando lascas em quartzito<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: large; ">Partilhamos o poster apresentado no Iº Congresso de Arqueologia do Alto Ribatejo,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: large; "> Centro Cultural de Vila Nova da Barquinha, 11-12/11/2011.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: 16px; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: 16px; "><img style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 285px; height: 400px; " src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0ND28uwZl-4/Tti0-ayJonI/AAAAAAAABlI/u9Gwq6WqmYc/s400/Poster_haste%2Bjpeg.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5681489914362438258" /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: 16px; "><br /></span></div>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-55310889317027323582011-11-14T10:07:00.006+00:002011-11-14T11:33:18.547+00:00Poster: Fracturação de ossos longos de Bos taurus: resultados e considerações<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';font-size:130%;">Partilhamos o poster apresentado no Iº Congresso de Arqueologia do Alto Ribatejo, Centro Cultural de Vila Nova da Barquinha, 11-12/11/2011.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';font-size:130%;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 283px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifUbZOvEedLciV1iC-bmebia7sMlIcq4uBAn6Gw2Hg87Q1yt2Md2AWIe6FC_OLPW-UfuRzNSS505dG72mCfEJPxSwtueR1Rpyb_QxRkuOvQASesIg07M8azpSJjk9xT9zuT7hNGBSNNsc/s400/Almeida%252C+N.%252C+Cura%252C+P.%252C+Cura%252C+S.+%25282011%2529+Fractura%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+de+ossos+longos+de+Bos+taurus-resultados+e+considera%25C3%25A7%25C3%25B5es.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5674812972428135410" /></span></div>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-15959581555605166932011-10-19T12:07:00.003+01:002011-10-19T12:18:37.426+01:00Comunicação apresentada no Congresso XVI da UISPP/XVI da SAB<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b>Modificações experimentais em superfícies ósseas de animais: interdisciplinariedade, protocolos, aplicabilidade e resultados preliminares</b></span></p> <p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" >Almeida, N.; Cerezer, J.; Costa, C.; Cura, P.; Cura, S.; Gomes, H.; Santander, B.</span></p><p class="p2"> </p><p class="p1"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" >Resumo</span></b></p> <p class="p1"><span class="Apple-style-span" >Nas últimas décadas, a Arqueologia tem recorrido aos dados actualistas em múltiplas vertentes, como consequência da aplicação de novos métodos analíticos numa clara perspectiva interdisciplinar. O número de dados provenientes da aplicação da Arqueologia experimental é cada vez maior, assim permitindo realizar considerações cada vez mais sustentadas.</span></p> <p class="p1"><span class="Apple-style-span" >A criação de uma equipa de investigação pluridisciplinar na Arqueologia (tecnologia lítica, Zooarqueologia, tecnologia cerâmica, Geo-arqueologia) permitiu-nos desenvolver vários trabalhos experimentais, entre os quais as modificações em elementos esqueléticos de animais. Os protocolos experimentais até agora desenvolvidos englobam as várias etapas de processamento das carcaças mas também a monitorização das alterações diagenéticas, neste caso apenas em elementos de ungulados. Na presente contribuição apresentam-se os respectivos protocolos, discute-se a sua aplicabilidade, os dados preliminares obtidos e indicam-se linhas futuras de pesquisa.</span></p><p class="p1"> </p><p class="p1"><span class="Apple-style-span" >Experimental modifications on animal bone surfaces: interdisciplinarity, protocols, applicability and preliminary results</span></p><p class="p1"> </p><p class="p1"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></b></p><p class="p1"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" >Abstract</span></b></p> <p class="p1"><span class="Apple-style-span" >In the last decades, Archaeology used actualistic data in multiple dimensions, as a result of the application of new analytical methods in a clear interdisciplinary perspective. The number of data related to Experimental Archeology is increasing, thus allowing more sustained considerations.</span></p> <p class="p1"><span class="Apple-style-span" >The creation of a multidisciplinary research team in Archaeology (lithic technology, Zooarchaeology, ceramic technology, Geo-archaeology) allowed us to develop several experimental studies, including changes in skeletal elements of animals. The experimental protocols developed so far include the various stages of carcasses processing but also the monitoring of early diagenetic changes, in this case only of ungulates elements. In this contribution we present the protocols, discuss their applicability and the preliminary data obtained, and indicate future lines of research.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="Apple-style-span" >Video link: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MynsIVKReE">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MynsIVKReE</a></span></p><p class="p1"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-12234592346950392012011-10-18T09:26:00.002+01:002011-10-18T09:33:55.891+01:00Comunicação apresentada no Congresso XVI da UISPP/XVI da SAB<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-GB">Experimentação e análise morfotecnológica de um conjunto lítico do Pleistoceno médio Final de Portugal central</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-GB">Sara Cura</span><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-GB">, Pedro Cura</span><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-GB">; Stefano Grimaldi</span><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-GB">; Pierluigi Rosina</span><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-GB"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black;">Resumo</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black;">Apresentamos os resultados de um programa de experimentações em curso como objectivo de compreender algumas características morfotécnicas de um conjunto lítico do final do Pleistoceno Médio. Esta indústria lítica, feita essencialmente a partir de seixos rolados de quartzito, é proveniente do sítio de ar livre da Ribeira da Ponte da Pedra (Portugal Central) caracterizada por uma abundante presença de seixos talhados, suportes corticais e não corticiais com modificações atípicas das margens poucos núcleos e raros artefactos bifaciais.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Experimentation and morphotechnological analyses of a final Middle Pleistocene lithic assemblage from central Portugal.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-GB">Abstract</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The results obtained from a experimental program carried out in order to investigate morphotechnical features of a final Middle Pleistocene lithic industry are presented. The assemblage, made from local quartzite pebbles, comes from the Ribeira Ponte da Pedra site (Central Portugal); it is characterized by abundant worked peblles, cortical and non cortical flakes with an aypical modfication of the cutting edge, few cores and rare bifacial implements.</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/Q4ZpT8PgC4I" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" width="420"></iframe></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><br /><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></p>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-23807183938965214652011-09-20T11:24:00.005+01:002011-09-20T12:56:32.010+01:00Fracturação em estado fresco: ângulos<div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b>Contextualização</b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" >Nos últimos meses têm aqui sido divulgadas algumas experimentações relacionadas com a fracturação de ossos longos de <i>Bos taurus</i>, assim como o protocolo experimental implementado<i>.</i> Até momento, foram realizadas experimentações com 3 amostras distintas abrangendo ossos longos em diferentes condições (Amostra Fresco, Amostra Descongelado e Amostra Congelado). Apresentamos aqui uma sinopse das medições dos ângulos realizadas nos planos de fractura da Amostra Fresco (total=10 elementos).</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b>Metodologia</b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" >A medição dos ângulos foi realizada sempre que possível a cada 2 centímetros em todos os fragmentos de dimensões máximas superiores a 2 centímetros. Os resultados foram agrupados em 4 classes: A <45º, B 45º-90º, C 90º-135º, D>135º. Os ângulos não foram medidos em áreas com modificações dos planos de fractura decorrentes da localização de pontos de impacto, contragolpes ou outros indicadores que deturpassem a pendência para a fracturação.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b>Resultados</b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span">Os resultados demonstram a predominância da classe B e C (entre 45º e 135º), sendo que destes, predominam geralmente os ângulos da classe B (45º-90º). As excepções são um fémur e dois rádios, aliás, os rádios são nas nossas experimentações os elementos mais variáveis no que respeita aos planos de fractura.</span> </span></div><div><br /></div><img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iZ0j3wVC4ns/Tnh5PFOdb-I/AAAAAAAABjs/T0i8NTkZkLs/s400/Post%2B%25C3%25A2ngulos1.png" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 266px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5654402632171483106" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: medium; "><br /></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" >Se agruparmos as classes A+B, ou seja todos os graus inferiores a 90º, e as classes C+D, todos com mais de 90º, fica demonstrado o predomínio geral dos ângulos inferiores a 90º. Uma vez mais, as excepções são um fémur e os dois rádios.</span><br /><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xe7amAGvm4I/Tnh5PcoBJnI/AAAAAAAABj0/LbqtwK5U__s/s1600/Post%2B%25C3%25A2ngulos%2B2.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="text-align: left;display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 266px; " src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xe7amAGvm4I/Tnh5PcoBJnI/AAAAAAAABj0/LbqtwK5U__s/s400/Post%2B%25C3%25A2ngulos%2B2.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5654402638452696690" /></a><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" >Nelson Almeida</span></b></div><div> <!--EndFragment--></div></div></div>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-90753724204368058312011-09-13T09:44:00.006+01:002011-09-13T10:05:39.107+01:00Ficha de registo: fracturação óssea<div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Tendo como base as experimentações realizadas (algumas das quais aqui divulgadas) foi preparada uma ficha de registo de aplicação no protocolo experimental de actividades de fracturação.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span">Para além de um grupo relacionado com as características intrínsecas dos elementos ósseos, apresenta um outro relativo à fracturação abrangendo itens de descrição objectivos mas também um pouco subjectivos (e.g. movimento e pressão exercida).</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span">Finalmente, compreende ainda a indicação esquemática das áreas de contacto activo e passivo, i. e. as parte do osso sujeitas à relação dinâmica entre o elemento lítico e a bigorna pois influenciam certos indicadores tafonómicos (e.g. tipo de abrasão e contragolpe).</span></div><div><br /><div><span class="Apple-style-span">Esta ficha foi já implementada e mais resultados serão divulgados nos próximos dias.</span><img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jSKslOXDt4Y/Tm8a6PvEfSI/AAAAAAAABjg/ZfByFUkM9fA/s400/Ficha%2BFractura%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o%2B%25C3%2593ssea.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5651765645331954978" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 282px; height: 400px; " /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Nelson Almeida</b></span></div></div></div>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-51483131739944981302011-08-10T10:28:00.003+01:002011-08-10T10:41:13.536+01:00Congresso UISPP 2011 - programa da sessão «Tecnologia e experimentação»<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=" ;color:black;" >A experimentação como método de contrastação de hipóteses não é nova nos estudos de arqueologia pré-histórica que focam os processos tecnológicos. Já desde a década de 70 que em consequência, quer da introdução dos conceitos de cadeia operatória no seio da escola paleo - etnológica, quer dos estudos actualísticos no âmbito teórico da arqueologia processual, se recorre à experimentação e utilização de réplicas de artefactos arqueológicos na procura de respostas acerca dos processos tecnológicos e funcionais a estes inerentes. No entanto, desde os anos noventa que os trabalhos de interface tecnologia e experimentação têm proliferado a nível mundial, resultando num renovado interesse na incorporação de estudos actualistas, em particular no âmbito de análises de cariz tecno-funcional.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=" ;color:black;" >Contudo, não são poucas as críticas aos procedimentos experimentais no estudo dos processos tecnológicos, questionando-se os seus fundamentos teóricos e validade explicativa. Estas críticas derivam em parte de uma óptica essencialmente morfo-tipológica na análise dos conjuntos artefactuais; mas também pela falta de compreensão do alcance dos estudos actualísticos e experimentais. </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=" ;color:black;" >Esta sessão convida à discussão sobre aplicabilidade e alcance da experimentação no estudo das tecnologias pré-históricas através da apresentação de reflexões e/ou estudos caso sobre a modificação e utilização das mais variadas matérias-primas (argilas, pedra, osso, matéria vegetal, etc) empregues na produção de artefactos. </span></span></p><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:85%;" >_________
<br />
<br /></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-US">Experimental Archaeology as a hypothesis contrast method focusing on technological studies is not new in archaeological research procedures. Since the early 1970s as a consequence of the application of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">châine-operatoire</i>/reduction sequence concepts within the framework of Palaeo-ethnological investigation, or within the actualistics studies highly developed in the framework of Processual Archaeology, the experimentation and utilization of artefact<a name="_GoBack"></a> replicas have been used in the search for answers regarding technological procedures and their functional aspects.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-US">However, since the 1990s the research interface technology/experimentation worldwide has increased resulting in a renewal of procedures and interest in the incorporation of such studies particularly in the field of techno-functional analysis of prehistoric artefacts.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-US">Nevertheless the critics’ experimental procedures are abundant, questioning its theoretical fundamentals and explanation validity. These remarks result both from the morpho-typological approaches’ to artefact assemblages, but also from a lack of comprehension interpretative of the range and goals of such studies.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-US">This session invites discussion on the present applicability and future perspectives of experimental procedures applied to the study of prehistoric technology studies, through the presentation of reflections and/or study cases regarding the modification, utilization and discard of varied raw materials employed in the fabrication of prehistoric artefacts (clay, stone, bone, vegetal material)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Coordenadores da sessão</span></p><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:85%;" > </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Cerezer, Jedson (Brasil), Cura, Sara (Portugal), Gurova, Maria (Bulgária), Santander, Boris (Chile)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=" text-align: center;font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="">Comunicações
<br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Modificações experimentais em superfícies ósseas de animais: interdisciplinariedade, protocolos, aplicabilidade e resultados preliminares</b></span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Almeida<sup>ab</sup>*, N.; Cerezer<sup>ad</sup>, J.; Costa<sup>c</sup>, C.; Cura<sup>ab</sup>, P.; Cura<sup>ab</sup>, S.; Gomes<sup>ae</sup>, H.; Santander<sup>a</sup>, B.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>a </sup>Grupo Quaternário e Pré-História - Centro de Geociências (uI&D 73 – FCT Portugal).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>b </sup>Museu de Arte Pré-Histórica e do Sagrado no Vale do Tejo (Mação – Portugal).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>c </sup>Bolseira de Doutoramento FCT: UNIARQ - Universidade do Algarve.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>d </sup>Bolseiro de Doutoramento FCT: UTAD.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>e </sup>Bolseiro FCT – Projecto Rupscience PTDC/HIS-ARQ/101299/2008: IPT.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=" ;color:black;" lang="EN-US">* Autor correspondente: Museu de Arte Pré-Histórica e do Sagrado no Vale do Tejo. Av. Infante D. Henrique 6120-750, Mação, Portugal. E-mail: </span><span style=" ;color:blue;" lang="EN-US">nelsonjalmeida@gmail.com</span></span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Resumo</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>Nas últimas décadas, a Arqueologia tem recorrido aos dados actualistas em múltiplas vertentes, como consequência da aplicação de novos métodos analíticos numa clara perspectiva interdisciplinar. O número de dados provenientes da aplicação da Arqueologia experimental é cada vez maior, assim permitindo realizar considerações cada vez mais sustentadas.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>A criação de uma equipa de investigação pluridisciplinar na Arqueologia (tecnologia lítica, Zooarqueologia, tecnologia cerâmica, Geo-arqueologia) permitiu-nos desenvolver vários trabalhos experimentais, entre os quais as modificações em elementos esqueléticos de animais. Os protocolos experimentais até agora desenvolvidos englobam as várias etapas de processamento das carcaças mas também a monitorização das alterações diagenéticas, neste caso apenas em elementos de ungulados. Na presente contribuição apresentam-se os respectivos protocolos, discute-se a sua aplicabilidade, os dados preliminares obtidos e indicam-se linhas futuras de pesquisa.</span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Experimental modifications on animal bone surfaces: interdisciplinarity, protocols, applicability and preliminary results</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Almeida<sup>ab</sup>*, N.; Cerezer<sup>ad</sup>, J.; Costa<sup>c</sup>, C.; Cura<sup>ab</sup>, P.; Cura<sup>ab</sup>, S.; Gomes<sup>ae</sup>, H.; Santander<sup>a</sup>, B.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>a </sup>Quaternary and Prehistory Group – Geosciences Centre (uI&D 73 – FCT Portugal).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>b </sup>Museu de Arte Pré-Histórica e do Sagrado no Vale do Tejo (Mação – Portugal).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>c </sup>FCT PhD scholarship: UNIARQ - Universidade do Algarve.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>d </sup>FCT PhD scholarship: UTAD.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>e </sup>FCT scholarship – Rupscience Project PTDC/HIS-ARQ/101299/2008: IPT.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=" ;color:black;" lang="EN-US">* Corresponding author: Museu de Arte Pré-Histórica e do Sagrado no Vale do Tejo. Av. Infante D. Henrique 6120-750, Mação, Portugal. E-mail: </span><span style=" ;color:blue;" lang="EN-US">nelsonjalmeida@gmail.com</span></span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Abstract</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>In the last decades, Archaeology used actualistic data in multiple dimensions, as a result of the application of new analytical methods in a clear interdisciplinary perspective. <span lang="EN-US">The number of data related to Experimental Archeology is increasing, thus allowing more sustained considerations.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>The creation of a multidisciplinary research team in Archaeology (lithic technology, Zooarchaeology, ceramic technology, Geo-archaeology) allowed us to develop several experimental studies, including changes in skeletal elements of animals. The experimental protocols developed so far include the various stages of carcasses processing but also the monitoring of early diagenetic changes, in this case only of ungulates elements. In this contribution we present the protocols, discuss their applicability and the preliminary data obtained, and indicate future lines of research.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> </b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Tecnologia cerâmica: fragmentos de um processo experimental</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Jedson Cerezer</span><sup> ab</sup></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>a</sup> Grupo Quaternário e Pré-História - Centro de Geociências (uI&D 73 – FCT Portugal).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>b</sup>Bolseiro de Doutoramento FCT: UTAD</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Autor correspondente: </span><span class="go">jcpithi@gmail.com</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Resumo</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">O processo tecnológico para a obtenção de um material cerâmico, com capacidade de resistir à utilização exige, na sua essência, o domínio de um amplo processo produtivo que é dividido em várias cadeias de operações. Nesta lógica o estudo da arqueologia experimental aplicado a tecnologia cerâmica, permite compreender as várias etapas do processo produtivo e avançar sobre novos estudos que vão desde o comportamento do material durante a utilização até a análise dos fragmentos, e assim, associar formas, composição da pasta e acabamentos de superfície com a função da peça.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Esta comunicação é baseada na experimentação em cerâmica guarani do Sul do Brasil com reais possibilidades de aplicação a qualquer contexto que envolva cerâmicas dentro do que se conhece como <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">earthwear</i>, como é o caso em curso, das cerâmicas do neolítico Ibérico. Nesta base construímos paralelos tecnológicos por meio da aplicação de uma metodologia comum.</span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB">Ceramic Technology: fragments of an experimental process </span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Jedson Cerezer</span></span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Abstract: The technological process for obtaining a ceramic material capable of resisting the use requires, in essence, the domain of a broader process which is divided into several chains of operations. In this logic the study of experimental archaeology applied to ceramic technology, allows us to understand various stages of the production process and advance into new studies ranging from the behaviour of the material during the use to the analysis of the fragments, and so associate forms, composition of the paste and surface finishes with the function of the piece.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">This communication is based on experimentation in Guarani ceramic from the southern Brazil with real possibilities of application in any context involving ceramics within what is known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">earthwear</i>, as is the case in progress, the Iberian Neolithic ceramics. On this base, it is built technological parallel by applying a common methodology.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB">Experimentação e análise morfotecnológica de um conjunto lítico do Pleistoceno médio Final de Portugal central</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Sara Cura</span><sup> ab</sup><span lang="EN-GB">, Pedro Cura</span><sup> ab</sup><span lang="EN-GB">; Stefano Grimaldi</span><sup> ad</sup><span lang="EN-GB">; Pierluigi Rosina</span><sup> ac</sup></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>a</sup> Grupo Quaternário e Pré-História - Centro de Geociências (uI&D 73 – FCT Portugal).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>b </sup>Museu de Arte Pré-Histórica e do Sagrado no Vale do Tejo (Mação – Portugal). </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>a c </sup><span lang="IT">Universitá degli Studi di Trento</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>a d<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></sup><span lang="EN-GB">Instituto Politécnico de Tomar</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Autora corrspondente: <a href="mailto:0saracura0@gmail.com">0saracura0@gmail.com</a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=" ;color:black;" >Resumo</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=" ;color:black;" >Apresentamos os resultados de um programa de experimentações em curso como objectivo de compreender algumas características morfotécnicas de um conjunto lítico do final do Pleistoceno Médio. Esta indústria lítica, feita essencialmente a partir de seixos rolados de quartzito, é proveniente do sítio de ar livre da Ribeira da Ponte da Pedra (Portugal Central) caracterizada por uma abundante presença de seixos talhados, suportes corticais e não corticiais com modificações atípicas das margens poucos núcleos e raros artefactos bifaciais.</span></span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Experimentation and morphotechnological analyses of a final Middle Pleistocene lithic assemblage from central Portugal.</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Abstract</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The results obtained from a experimental program carried out in order to investigate morphotechnical features of a final Middle Pleistocene lithic industry are presented. The assemblage, made from local quartzite pebbles, comes from the Ribeira Ponte da Pedra site (Central Portugal); it is characterized by abundant worked peblles, cortical and non cortical flakes with an aypical modfication of the cutting edge, few cores and rare bifacial implements.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Approaching prehistoric skills: experimental drilling in the context of bead manufacturing </b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">M. Gurova, C. Bonsall, B. Bradley, E. Anastassova</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="go">Corresponding author: <a href="mailto:gurovam@yahoo.fr">gurovam@yahoo.fr</a></span></span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=" font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-GB">Abstract</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">From the very Early Neolithic in the Balkans two categories of objects are recognized as having been involved in prehistoric drilling activities. The first are<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>beads and other decorative and prestigious items made of bone, shell, pottery and various minerals such as marble, serpentinite, malachite, nephrite and jadeitite. The second comprises toolkits of micropiercers found among the flint assemblages of several sites.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The morphological characteristics of the micropiercers and the contexts in which they are found suggest they were used for making perforations. Use-wear analysis made by one of the authors on the large series of micropiercers from the Early Neolithic site of Kovačevo (south-east Bulgaria) reveals used implements (with more-or-less developed microtraces), broken pieces (possibly through utilisation) and unused tools. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The most adequate way to understand these prehistoric remains and the narratives embodied within them consists in reconstructing the range of abilities and skills which clearly had been developed by the people who produced these beautiful and sophisticated objects. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">This paper presents a series of experiments fin drilling different materials with the aim of testing several practical issues. A series of micropiercers were produced and used for manual and mechanical drilling (with a pump-drill). Various samples (mainly prepared thin plates) of minerals and rocks were used, ranging in hardness (on Moh’s scale) from 3 (marble, limestone, calcite) to 6-7 (jasper, nephrite). Biominerals were also used: aragonite (shells) and apatite (bones). The bead production <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">sensu stricto</i> was approached by manufacturing several delicate cylindrical beads of serpentinite using fine sand for dry and water abrasion. Though not conclusive, the experimental work was instructive in many of the parameters, procedures and technical details of prehistoric drilling. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">
<br /></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Os contributos da experimentação no entendimento da indústria sobre seixos no Leste de Mato Grosso do Sul.</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Cristian Hildebrando</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Historiador – Técnicos em Arqueologia. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Autor correspondente: </span>cmh@hotmail.com </span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=" font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-GB">Resumo</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Partindo da metodologia aplicada na arqueologia experimental como instrumento fomentador de hipótese para questões de cunho teórico sobre a funcionalidade de determinadas peças encontradas na escavação de salvamento do projeto hidroelétrico UHE São Domingos no município de Água Clara, Mato Grosso do Sul foi possível a observação e co-relação do bioma local com a matéria-prima disponível e a aplicação do conhecimento difundido do “saber fazer” dentro de um contexto arqueológico de sítio lítico a céu aberto.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Considerando a expressiva quantidade de seixos encontrados no local, pôde-se notar a multifuncionalidade de determinadas peças quando a mesma se relaciona com processamento de algumas espécies vegetais, ainda observeis na área em questão.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">A experimentação com estes materiais visou levantar questões sobre a possibilidade do uso das peças escavadas para fins voltados, seja ao processamento de alimentos, seja na obtenção de substratos orgânicos com diferentes finalidades que caracterizam aspectos culturais do ou dos grupos que habitaram esta região.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b> </b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Early prehistoric perforated bead production and use in South-west Wales: </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Experimentation and Expressing the <i>self</i></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">George Nash</span><sup> ab</sup></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>a</sup><span style=" background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> Faculty of Architecture, University of Spiru Haret, Bucharest, Romania and</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>b</sup><span style=" background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> Department of Archaeology & Anthropology, University of Bristol, England.</span></span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Corresponding author: </span><span class="gi">georgenash@btinternet.com</span></span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=" font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-GB">Abstract</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">What turns a mundane item, a discarded or waste commodity or raw material into something special, revered, ritually and symbolically powerful; and something one can use for display? Throughout the early prehistoric archaeological record are a number items that have undergone significant change; from raw material to arguably prestige items. Using a pioneering anthropological study by Nancy Munn, I will suggest that certain raw materials or discarded waste undergo a series of ritualised changes or transformations that elevate the mundane item into something special. Using Munn's model I will focus on a significant Mesolithic stone bead assemblage from Wales that includes two perforated beads from the recently excavated Dolmen site of Trefael in Pembrokeshire, south-west Wales. I suggest that it is not just the item that gains prestige and/or sacredness but the process in which it is sourced, manufactured, exchanged/received and used. Through experimentation: from design inception to the finished product, I will postulate that certain commodities experienced a number of ritualized processes or stages which turned the mundane materials into items of intrinsic value. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US">Among instruments, technical gestures and engravings: a methodological proposal for the experimental study of rock art in the Tagus Valley, Central Portugal.</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-US">Neemias Santos Rosa</span><sup> ab</sup><span lang="EN-GB">, Pedro Cura</span><sup> c </sup><span lang="EN-GB">e Sara Cura</span><sup> bc</sup></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>a b</sup> Master in Quaternary and Prehistory</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>b </sup>Quaternary and Prehistory Group – Geosciences Centre (uI&D 73 – FCT Portugal).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>b c </sup>Museu de Arte Pré-Histórica e do Sagrado no Vale do Tejo (Mação – Portugal).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Corresponding author: </span><span class="gi"><a href="mailto:neemias_of@hotmail.com">neemias_of@hotmail.com</a></span></span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-US">Abstract</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-US">This presentation aims to discuss methodological elements and its applicability in studies of experimental archeology related to rock art engravings. Recently, under the research of th Ruptejo research project, were conducted new field works in the Tagus Valley, which consisted in new tracings of the rock art and archaeological surveys in the study area. This allowed the identification of lithic artifacts, more specifically quartzite worked pebbles and flakes, close to the engravings. Such remains reinforce the association of the Tagus rock art complex with the so called macrolithic industries that are very abundant in this region throughout the Holocene. Their presence also raises the possibility of it’s utilization in the production of the engravings. Therefore, our scope is to understand the possible relationship between the lithic industries of the Tagus Valley and the Holocenic rock art, emphasizing the study about the technologies and techniques involved in a "Chaîne Opératoire" permeated by thoughts and gestures throughout this technical process. </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB">El uso de la arqueología experimental en el testeo de hipotesis. El caso de la industria ósea de Tulan-54 (Norte de Chile).</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="PT-BR">Boris Santander <sup>1,2</sup></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><span lang="PT-BR">1</span></sup><span lang="PT-BR">Universidad de Chile</span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup><span lang="PT-BR">2</span></sup><span lang="PT-BR">Instituto Terra e Memoria, Portugal</span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="PT-BR">Corresponding author: <a href="mailto:boris.santander@gmail.com">boris.santander@gmail.com</a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=" font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-GB">Abstract</span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="PT-BR">Durante mucho tiempo el estudio de los artefactos óseos recuperados desde sitios arqueológicos ha estado relegado a una descripción general basada fundamentalmente en su morfología. Si bien tecnologías como la lítica y la cerámica han sido prodigas a la hora de establecer criterios para definir la funcionalidad de los artefactos (ya desde la morfología, ya desde los estudios tecno-funcionales), el impulso parece no llegar hasta los artefactos fabricados sobre materias primas duras de origen animal. </span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="PT-BR">La presente comunicación se enfoca en el análisis de artefactos óseos provenientes del sitio formativo temprano Tu-54 en el norte de Chile, en donde, a partir del estudio tecno-funcional de una morfología particular y la utilización de estrategias experimentales para el análisis de sus características, fue posible testear hipótesis acerca del posible rol que dichas herramientas jugaron en la producción de textilería dentro del sitio arqueológico.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB">Os polidores fixos da ilha de Santa Catarina, Brazil: uma abordagem experimental</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Daniela Sophiati</span><sup> ab</sup><span lang="EN-GB">, Pedro Cura</span><sup> c </sup><span lang="EN-GB">e Sara Cura</span><sup> bc</sup></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>a</sup> Erasmus Mundus Master iem Quaternário e Pré-História</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>b </sup>Grupo Quaternário e Pré-História – Centro de Geociencias (uI&D 73 – FCT Portugal).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>c </sup>Museu de Arte Pré-Histórica e do Sagrado do Vale do Tejo (Mação – Portugal).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Autora correspondente: </span><span class="gi">danielasophiati@gmail.com</span></span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Resumo</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">O presente trabalho consiste na apresentação dos resultados obtidos durante as atividades de experimentação em polimento realizadas com o objetivo de buscar esclarecimentos para alguns questionamentos relacionados aos sítios arqueológicos denominados “oficinas líticas”, ou polidores fixos, localizados na Ilha de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Tais sítios são encontrados em diversas regiões do país, tanto no litoral quanto no interior, sendo que as mais expressivas concentrações até hoje identificadas encontram-se no litoral Sul e Sudeste.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Por serem registros arqueológicos até hoje pouco pesquisados, diversos são os questionamentos relacionados a este tipo de sítio. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="apple-style-span">É praticamente consenso entre os pesquisadores que estas estruturas seriam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="apple-style-span">locais de fabricação de material lítico polido, sobretudo machados, mas tal processo é ainda pouco</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="apple-style-span">explorado. O projeto de experimentação partiu de alguns questionamentos pré-existentes, mas também pensado em uma perspectiva de buscar novas perguntas e um novo olhar para estes sítios.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> A metodologia empregada baseou-se na análise de fatores como a observação d</span><span class="apple-style-span">os diferentes comportamentos dos dois tipos principais de matéria-prima utilizada, o diabásio e o granito, a avaliação do tempo necessário a ser empregado na fabricação dos artefatos e a relação entre os movimentos empreendidos e seu resultado, tanto nos suportes quanto nos artefatos. Os resultados obtidos proporcionaram diversos novos questionamentos e diferentes raciocínios acerca destes sítios. Tanto as diferentes respostas das matérias-primas quanto a grande quantidade de tempo necessário para a realização da tarefa são fatores que, quando confrontados com a realidade dos sítios encontrados, contribuem de forma significativa em sua compreensão enquanto unidade e, ainda, em sua relação com a paisagem e os demais tipos de sítios a eles relacionados. Uma outra grande contribuição do trabalho foi a verificação da aplicabilidade das metodologias da Arqueologia Experimental na análise destes vestígios, algo ainda pouco explorado neste contexto.</span></span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Fixed polishing stones of the Island of Santa Catarina, Brazil: an experimental approach </b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=" font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-GB">Abstract</span> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >This</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >presenation presents</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >the preliminar results obtained</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >during activities of experimentation in stone polishing</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >carried out in order</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >to seek</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >clarification</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >for some</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >questions</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >related</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >to the archaeological sites called "</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;" >oficinas líticas"</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >or fixed polishing stones</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;" >,</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >located</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >on the Island of</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >Santa</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >Catarina</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;" >, Brazil. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >Such sites</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >are found in</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >various regions</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >of the country;</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >both on the coast</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >and the interior, and the most</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >significant</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >concentrations</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > so </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >far</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >identified are</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >in</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >South and Southeast coasts</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;" >. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >Because this archaeological record</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > was not properly investigated till now, </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;" >many are the </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >questions</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >related to this</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >type of site</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;" >.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >It is almost a consensus</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >among researchers that these</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >structures were used for</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >manufacturing</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >polished</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >lithic artefacts</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;" >, especially</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >axes,</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >but the</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >process is</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >still poorly explored. The</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >experimental</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > project was motivated by some </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >pre</span></span><span class="atn"><span style=" ;color:black;" >-</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;" >existing</span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" > questions</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" >, </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >but also</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > aimed to find new interrogations and a different look at </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >these sites</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;" >. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >The methodology used</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >was based on</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >analysis of</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >factors such as the</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >observation of the different</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >behaviours of the two</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >main types</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >of raw</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >material used, the</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >diabase</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >and granite</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;" >, the evaluation</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >of the time needed</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >in the manufacture of</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >artefacts</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >and the relationship</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >between movements</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >made </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" ></span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >and</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >its results,</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >both on the surfaces and on the artefacts. The results</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >provided</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >some new</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >questions and</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >arguments</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >about these</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >sites</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;" >. </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >Both the</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >responses of</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >different</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >raw materials</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >and</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >the large amount</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >of time</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >required to perform</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >the task are</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >factors that</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;" >, when</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >confronted with the reality</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >of the sites</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >found, contribute significantly</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >in their understanding</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >as a unit</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >and also</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >in their relationship with the landscape and</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >other types of</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >sites</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > possibly </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >related to them. Another</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >major contribution</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >of this study was</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >to verify the</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >applicability</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >of the methodologies of</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >Experimental</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >Archaeology</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >in the analysis</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >of these remains</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;color:black;" >, something</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >still to be explored</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style=" ;color:black;" > </span></span><span class="hps"><span style=" ;color:black;" >in this context.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US">Experimental archaeology on Brazilian polished artifacts: making adornments, hafting blades and cutting trees.</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Gustavo Neves de Souza & Ângelo Pessoa Lima</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Corresponding author: </span><span class="gi">gustavo_ns@yahoo.com.br</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Abstract</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-US">In this work we are going to present some of the results we got from the experimental archaeology on the making of adornments commonly used on lips (called tembetás) by Brazilian ethnical group of the Tupi, the hafting of one blade in a peculiar way (known trough secondary sources) and our job of cutting wood.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>We made two kinds of adornments, that we know from archaeologically as well as from secondary sources, using different techniques of polishing, with different rocks as raw materials, for the adornments themselves and for the polishing basin. Then we compare these methods, allowing us to show that the raw materials chosen play a major role on the time and efficiency in the production of these artifacts.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>The hafting of the blade was made in a very peculiar way, in a still alive haft, called “organic hafting”. We will describe the process we used (from which we do not have a good description), comparing with others, that are known both from the texts and archaeological record. In this process we used a second hafted stone blade to fell the live branch, were the first blade was hafted.</span></span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-US">Keywords: </span><span class="BodyTextChar"><span lang="EN-US">Pre History - Brazilian Archaeology - Agriculturalist Societies – Stone Ornaments - Hafting Stone Axes</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">
<br /></span></p><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Archery experiments with arrows composed of microliths:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>reconstructing designs and performance abilities of projectile weapons from the <span class="yshortcuts">Levantine</span> Epipaleolithic</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -30.2pt; text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Alla Yaroshevich</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -30.2pt; text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Corresponding author: <span class="gi">allmile@yahoo.com</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -30.2pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Abstract</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -30.2pt; text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span>We present an experimentally based investigation of the Late Pleistocene microlithic assemblages in the Southern Levant with regard to the function of microliths as elements of projectile weapons. Microlithic tools appeared in the Levant during the Upper Paleolithic, proliferated during the Epipaleolithic and diminish in the subsequent Neolithic, shortly after the emergence of agriculture. The temporal and spatial variability in morphology and technological characteristics of microliths provide the basis of establishing the chronological-cultural division of the Epipaleolithic. Thus, non-geometric microliths of various types of characterize Early Epipaleolithic Kebaran culture, trapeze/rectangles dominane during the Middle Epipaleolithic Geometric-Kebaran whereas lunates proliferated during the Late Epipaleolithic Natufian.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -30.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">In our study we investigated a hypothesis that improvement in hunting skills and the <span style="background:white">resulting</span> diminishing of game in conjunction with an increase in population density and pressure on the available resources during the Late Pleistocene in the Levant was one of the triggers that could possibly have started the transition from foraging to food production. In order to investigate this hypothesis we studied a possibility of correlation between temporal changes in morphological and technological characteristics of Epipaleolithic microliths and transformations in projectile weapons design and their performance abilities. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -30.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">We performed two sessions of archery experiments with differently designed arrows fitted with various types of microliths characteristic of the three subsequent Epipaleolithic cultures. The experiments allowed 1) analyzing performance abilities of differently designed arrows, 2) identifying projectile damage types and frequencies characteristic of particular designs and modes of microlith hafting, 3) estimating the frequency of projectile damage expected to be found in archaeological microlithic assemblages. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -30.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The experimental data applied in the analysis of eleven sites representing the three main Epipaleolithic cultures, indicated different approaches to the design of projectiles fitted with microliths characteristic of these cultures. The major shift in the design towards more light, easily prepared but very efficient projectiles was associated with the emergence of the Natufian culture and occurred alongside with transition to sedentary settlements and intensified use of resources. The use of such efficient weapons in conditions of growing population density and restricted areas available for Natufian hunter-gatherers can be considered as one of the factors that could have affected the subsequent transition to food production that took place in the early Holocene. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US">How much "skillful" should be an experimental archeologist and who is the "referee"? Epistemological reflections of a lithic knapper</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-US">Stefano Grimaldi (Università di Trento)</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-US">stefano.grimaldi@unitn.it<span style="color:black;"></span></span></span></p> <p style="font-weight: bold; font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=" ;color:black;" lang="EN-US">Abstract:</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-family:arial;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=" ;color:black;" >Experimental replications are frequently compared and associated to the archeological data without a critical evaluation of what and how has been replicated. Here the author discusses some topics -<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>such as the role of scholar's "objective" and "subjective" awareness in the development of archaological research - in order to assess that experimental data cannot be methodologically conceived as an interpretative tool of the archeological evidence. Their use is available only in order to improve the scholar's personal knowledge and his/her sensibility to understand the observed archeological technical features.</span></span></p> Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-50935503136320395192011-08-05T11:26:00.017+01:002011-09-13T10:09:25.630+01:00Modificações de superfícies ósseas, fracturação com bigorna: I. Elementos de Bos taurus em estado fresco (final)<div> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>110</o:Words> <o:characters>630</o:Characters> <o:company>Archaeology and stuff</o:Company> <o:lines>5</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>773</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Enquadramento e Metodologia</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span">Este post é o último de uma série de 3 relativos ao primeiro grupo de experimentação de fracturação de elementos de <i>B. taurus </i>com bigorna. Apresentamos os dados relativos à análise de um fémur e um úmero, processados nas linhas gerais anteriormente descritas. Ambos os elementos foram fracturados através de contactos nas diáfises, assim como nas partes próximas das metáfises proximal e distal. A metodologia analítica segue as orientações previamente delineadas.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Resultados: fracturação e estigmas de percussão</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span">Foram identificados vários indicadores tafonómicos, salientando-se pelo seu número as perfurações/golpes e os impactos de percussão, seguidos pelas extracções corticais, lascas parasitas e cones de percussão (Gráfico 1).</span></p> <!--EndFragment--></div><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2oO1Kt2ZUVc/TjvJhDAYHtI/AAAAAAAABjU/zjuJhFqzLps/s1600/Post%2B3%2BGeral.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 264px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2oO1Kt2ZUVc/TjvJhDAYHtI/AAAAAAAABjU/zjuJhFqzLps/s400/Post%2B3%2BGeral.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5637320928164060882" /></a><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Gráfico 1: Principais indicadores registados.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span">Úmero (Figuras 1 e 2): registaram-se 14 esquírolas de dimensões <5cm e 6 fragmentos de dimensões >5cm. Identificaram-se cones de percussão (E1, E6, E8, E15), lascas parasitas (porção proximal, E10, E18, E19). Predominam os impactos de percussão isolados (porção distal, E8, E19) mas também consecutivos (E19). A E17 apresenta duas abrasões transversais (porção 3, face cranial) relacionadas com o uso de bigorna. Evidenciaram-se ainda extracções corticais (E18, E19) e esmagamentos (E16). As perfurações e golpes comparecem paralelos (E4), isolados (E15, E18, E19) ou sobrepostos (E1, E18) (Gráfico 2).</span></p> <!--EndFragment--></div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ryN6Tz_5Hd8/TjvJRjXdgvI/AAAAAAAABjM/McSuJY2AgDU/s1600/Sem%2Bnome.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 262px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ryN6Tz_5Hd8/TjvJRjXdgvI/AAAAAAAABjM/McSuJY2AgDU/s400/Sem%2Bnome.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5637320661972910834" /></a><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Figura 1: Resultado da fracturação do úmero de <i>B. taurus</i>.</span></p> <!--EndFragment--></div><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7lnSugFTZzQ/TjvIfABS8mI/AAAAAAAABi8/CyUFNwygSFs/s1600/%25C3%25BAmero%2Bpronto.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 377px; height: 400px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7lnSugFTZzQ/TjvIfABS8mI/AAAAAAAABi8/CyUFNwygSFs/s400/%25C3%25BAmero%2Bpronto.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5637319793491243618" /></a><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Figura 2: Selecção de alguns indicadores tafonómicos relacionáveis com fracturação antrópica.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span">Fémur (Figuras 3 e 4): registaram-se 8 esquírolas de dimensões <5cm e 3 fragmentos de dimensões >5cm. Evidenciaram-se cones de percussão (E1, E3), lascas parasitas (E2, E6, porção distal), dois impactos de percussão isolados (porção proximal, E8) e um contragolpe isolado (E11). Comparecem extracções corticais (E7, E9), inclusive parcialmente sobrepostas (porção distal). Não se verificaram perfurações, contudo identificaram-se golpes isolados (E1, porção distal) e oblíquos paralelos (E9) (Gráfico 2).</span></p> <!--EndFragment--></div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3SCie5-jikk/TjvIG5PAstI/AAAAAAAABi0/cQUFIHty8uk/s1600/F%25C3%25A9mur.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 206px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3SCie5-jikk/TjvIG5PAstI/AAAAAAAABi0/cQUFIHty8uk/s400/F%25C3%25A9mur.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5637319379352859346" /></a><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Figura 3: Resultado da fracturação do fémur de <i>B. taurus</i>.</span></p> <!--EndFragment--></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibaPfF-Wos_1zui2-q9KjufPrnz6FTU-Hs0SCFgkeTAGhpEK9INEKPzZswRx8M138afgmMn3IlRFUeHM453tuuAhYj8HJ1Ab-eSO_j20OeLkvqbVXo9ttvnv1OHmydB53Pp5lncswjkGs/s1600/F%25C3%25A9mur+low+res+pronto.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 206px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibaPfF-Wos_1zui2-q9KjufPrnz6FTU-Hs0SCFgkeTAGhpEK9INEKPzZswRx8M138afgmMn3IlRFUeHM453tuuAhYj8HJ1Ab-eSO_j20OeLkvqbVXo9ttvnv1OHmydB53Pp5lncswjkGs/s400/F%25C3%25A9mur+low+res+pronto.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5637318431116721554" /></a><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Figura 4: Selecção de alguns indicadores tafonómicos relacionáveis com<span> </span>fracturação antrópica.</span></p> <!--EndFragment--></div><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1ewUkBwY-kM/TjvGyIL2f6I/AAAAAAAABiU/mndBxdUiD9s/s1600/Post%2B3%2Bmedidas.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 264px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1ewUkBwY-kM/TjvGyIL2f6I/AAAAAAAABiU/mndBxdUiD9s/s400/Post%2B3%2Bmedidas.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5637317923077259170" /></a><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Gráfico 2: Dispersão das perfurações/golpes mensuráveis presentes nos elementos (úmero, fémur) de <i>B. taurus</i>.</span></p> <!--EndFragment--><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Resultados: planos de fractura</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span">Foi possível analisar um total de 28 planos de fractura (úmero-12; fémur-16) que demonstram um claro predomínio de delineações curvas, ângulos oblíquos e superfícies suaves. Porém,<span> </span>os ângulos mistos em ambos os elementos apresentam-se significativos (Gráfico 3). Relativamente aos ângulos dos planos de fractura, predominam os ângulos entre 95º e 120º graus no fémur; no úmero entre os 70º e 95º. Não se registaram medições >145º em nenhum dos elementos. Com <45º registaram-se duas medições no fémur e três no úmero.</span></p> <!--EndFragment--></div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6bpgxn5qHwo/TjvGYttx9WI/AAAAAAAABiM/6bEGJ8nuXvs/s1600/Post%2B3%2BBT%2Bplanos.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 266px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6bpgxn5qHwo/TjvGYttx9WI/AAAAAAAABiM/6bEGJ8nuXvs/s400/Post%2B3%2BBT%2Bplanos.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5637317486475081058" /></a><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Gráfico 3: Análise dos planos de fractura (delineação, ângulo, superfície).</span></p> <!--EndFragment--></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2cHzaoD1u4w/TjvF8ZOov8I/AAAAAAAABiE/nNtbaOmtXQU/s1600/Post%2B3%2Bgraus.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><br /></a></div> <!--EndFragment--><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Perspectivas futuras:</span></b> este post é o último referente a este grupo de experimentação. O próximo corresponderá à ficha de registo de experimentações por fracturação antrópica. Novas experimentações com elementos em estado fresco mas também fervidos estão a ser programadas. Será interessante averiguar qual a diferença (ou não) no que respeita aos ângulos dos planos de fractura, comparando estas experimentações com as pós-fervimento.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Agradecimentos:</b></span> uma vez mais agradecemos ao Fumeiro da Beira (Mação) por facultarem os elementos ósseos descritos.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Nelson Almeida</b></span></p> <!--EndFragment-->Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-6052488469920949032011-07-30T20:17:00.026+01:002011-09-13T10:10:12.776+01:00Modificações de superfícies ósseas, fracturação com bigorna: I. Elementos de Bos taurus em estado fresco (continuação)<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">Enquadramento e Metodologia </span></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Este post é o prosseguimento do anterior, desta vez apresentando os resultados concernentes a outros dois elementos de </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Bos taurus, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">nomeadamente </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">uma tíbia e um rádio. Uma vez mais, os elementos encontravam-se em estado fresco, com tecidos moles nas áreas junto das articulações e tecidos remanescentes nas diáfises. A fracturação foi realizada com o mesmo </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">chopper</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> sem remoção prévia do </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">periosteum</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Os contactos ocorreram sobretudo nas diáfises (tíbia, rádio), mas também perto da metáfise distal (rádio). </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">No que respeita à metodologia analítica seguiram-se as opções previamente delineadas e explanadas.</span></span></div><div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; font-family:Georgia, serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">Resultados: fracturação e estigmas de percussão</span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'trebuchet ms';">Identificaram-se vários indicadores tafonómicos de fracturação antrópica, salientando-se as perfurações e golpes, assim como os contragolpes e abrasões (Gráfico 1).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 277px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU5ZAgGjH6OjYFInNut5KXh3gb0O8Fccm5E-ag_2EJokfHLQIgOFTgI5yHV2Us2z2M8FArLZ7G5u8hLJ32zTq244ev6UfBcCiRme3bMvgzlRJmAEL-veuHdNwhhIvKKhMWPyRRLhU2nLw/s400/Tafonomia.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5635243838949887682" /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Gráfico 1: Principais dados tafonómicos registados.</span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b>Tíbia</b> (Figuras 1 e 2): identificaram-se 6 fragmentos de dimensões >5cm e 12 esquírolas de dimensões <5cm, das quais 5 eram cones de percussão (E2, E3, E6, E8, E10). Os impactos de percussão comparecem isolados (E5, E6, E17) e unicamente nas faces craniais dos elementos; os contragolpes e abrasões comparecem unicamente nas faces caudais (E15, E16, E17 e porção proximal) e devem-se ao uso de bigorna. Foram registadas duas lascas parasitas e algumas extracções medulares/corticais. As perfurações e golpes evidenciam-se quase unicamente isoladas (n=5) (Gráfico 2).</span></p></div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NbKyklfMlYY/TjRadWMtB3I/AAAAAAAABhk/9SUH5e-uSXQ/s1600/DSC_0030.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 268px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NbKyklfMlYY/TjRadWMtB3I/AAAAAAAABhk/9SUH5e-uSXQ/s400/DSC_0030.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5635228493968902002" /></a><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; font-size:13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"> <!--EndFragment--> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Figura 1: Resultado da experimentação (tíbia – </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Bos taurus</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">).</span></span></span></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOga47Fjynk__26R14XoMR8v1ztS2mu7FMEuc1Z8R45Q11MMYPbp4pYumKA57NlaYbMT426Gn2zYDOu8Yjb7xuf8dqM-O-_rQFu2S7HK5vzOth3bUHBxOcWtaccm2mn1o1Aq5P1DQwKOQ/s1600/T%25C3%25ADbia+low+res.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 252px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOga47Fjynk__26R14XoMR8v1ztS2mu7FMEuc1Z8R45Q11MMYPbp4pYumKA57NlaYbMT426Gn2zYDOu8Yjb7xuf8dqM-O-_rQFu2S7HK5vzOth3bUHBxOcWtaccm2mn1o1Aq5P1DQwKOQ/s400/T%25C3%25ADbia+low+res.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5635228277411715410" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Figura 2: </span></span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Selecção de alguns dos indicadores tafonómicos evidenciados.</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><br /></span></span></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Rádio</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"> (Figura 3 e 4): i</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">dentificou-se somente um fragmento de dimensão >5cm que corresponde </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">grosso modo </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> à diafise do elemento; 14 esquírolas apresentavam dimensões <5cm. Registaram-se cones de percussão (E1, E3, E12), impactos de percussão isolados (E3, E13, E16), uma abrasão isolada (E16), lascas parasitas (E15, porção proximal e distal) e várias extracções corticais e medulares. As perfurações e golpes encontram-se em vários fragmentos (E13, E14, E15), geralmente concentradas (E15), sendo que várias delas são imensuráveis (E14, E15) porquanto se encontram sobrepostas (Gráfico 2).</span></div><!--StartFragment--> <!--EndFragment--> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDPrTb_7o1wBU1R4Zg6AodH46YPob7iL9m5gqyE2D-_zeVKky9kpXToQLz-ilmQOoDu0YWawlLKYo7QKJGDEDJJbPsO8UhTz-OItVop4bmowBDoGzWvfh2keqSTYU8YJ2M3uUg8JHfGMc/s1600/r%25C3%25A1dio.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 196px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDPrTb_7o1wBU1R4Zg6AodH46YPob7iL9m5gqyE2D-_zeVKky9kpXToQLz-ilmQOoDu0YWawlLKYo7QKJGDEDJJbPsO8UhTz-OItVop4bmowBDoGzWvfh2keqSTYU8YJ2M3uUg8JHfGMc/s400/r%25C3%25A1dio.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5635227922704736706" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Figura 3: Resultado da experimentação (rádio – </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Bos taurus</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">).</span></span></span></div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HNVdNHdpf-A/TjRZzikAeaI/AAAAAAAABhM/OaE8GrWlFsg/s1600/R%25C3%25A1dio%2Blow%2Bres.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 243px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HNVdNHdpf-A/TjRZzikAeaI/AAAAAAAABhM/OaE8GrWlFsg/s400/R%25C3%25A1dio%2Blow%2Bres.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5635227775733365154" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Figura 4: Selecção de alguns dos indicadores tafonómicos evidenciados.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyFgEfk6LxIXAdPSR-3vhancG5etb0-5GS9lwWvrK3GR0rKm6u6gR7qc5GjHNWX6v6An_g4mB7Joj1zFRZvgeGKYTO8C7BvZgC2VYVxnRNvVmNKelLfvxYnudJMhEqptEP3mVLW3rrQ70/s1600/Golpes+e+perfura%25C3%25A7%25C3%25B5es.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 274px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyFgEfk6LxIXAdPSR-3vhancG5etb0-5GS9lwWvrK3GR0rKm6u6gR7qc5GjHNWX6v6An_g4mB7Joj1zFRZvgeGKYTO8C7BvZgC2VYVxnRNvVmNKelLfvxYnudJMhEqptEP3mVLW3rrQ70/s400/Golpes+e+perfura%25C3%25A7%25C3%25B5es.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5635227526539163954" /></a><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#0000EE;"><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; line-height: 18px; font-family:'trebuchet ms';font-size:small;">Gráfico 2: Dimensões das perfurações e golpes.</span></u></span></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyFgEfk6LxIXAdPSR-3vhancG5etb0-5GS9lwWvrK3GR0rKm6u6gR7qc5GjHNWX6v6An_g4mB7Joj1zFRZvgeGKYTO8C7BvZgC2VYVxnRNvVmNKelLfvxYnudJMhEqptEP3mVLW3rrQ70/s1600/Golpes+e+perfura%25C3%25A7%25C3%25B5es.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; font-size:13px;"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:16px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">Resultados: planos de fractura</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: normal; font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'trebuchet ms';font-size:medium;">No total os elementos analisados apresentam 34 planos de fractura analisáveis, 26 na tíbia e 8 no rádio. É clara a relação entre as delineações curvas (únicas identificadas), os ângulos oblíquos e as superfícies suaves. Contudo, é de salientar o grande número de ângulos mistos identificado na tíbia, assim como as superfícies irregulares (Gráfico 3). </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: normal; font-family:'trebuchet ms';font-size:16px;">O rádio apresentava poucos planos de fractura comparativamente com a tíbia, como consequência as medições dificilmente são comparáveis. No rádio denotou-se uma predominância de ângulos entre os 70º e os 95º, não se tendo registado qualquer ângulo inferior a 45º ou superior a 145º. Para a tíbia, é clara a predominância de ângulos entre os 70º-95º e 95º-120º, tendo-se registado planos com <45º e um com >145º.</span></p></div></span><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cuB80_O0AoU/TjRZcJBJrsI/AAAAAAAABg8/eSGBhhV_Ta4/s1600/Planos.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 274px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cuB80_O0AoU/TjRZcJBJrsI/AAAAAAAABg8/eSGBhhV_Ta4/s400/Planos.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5635227373739290306" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 238); font-family:Georgia, serif;"><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; line-height: 18px; font-family:'trebuchet ms';font-size:small;">Gráfico 3: Análise dos planos de fractura segundo a delineação, ângulo e superfície.</span></u></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><u><br /></u></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><u>Perspectivas futuras: esta experiência é um primeiro passo para a elaboração de um protocolo experimental que visa a obtenção de dados actualistas acerca das modificações realizadas por fracturação antrópica. Com base nos dados já apresentados encontramo-nos em condições de realizar uma primeira versão de uma ficha relacionada com este tipo de fracturação, a qual será divulgada nos próximos dias.</u></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><u><br /></u></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><u>Agradecimentos: uma vez mais agradecemos ao Fumeiro da Beira (Mação) por carinhosamente nos darem os ossos de <i>Bos taurus </i>para a experimentação.</u></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><u><br /></u></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';font-size:130%;color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><u><b>Nelson Almeida</b></u></span></span></div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; "><p style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "></p></span></b></div></div>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-83879168129183897082011-07-22T14:24:00.015+01:002011-09-13T10:11:22.907+01:00Modificações de superfícies ósseas, fracturação com bigorna: I. Elementos de Bos taurus em estado fresco<div><!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Enquadramento</span><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Procedeu-se à fracturação de vários elementos anatómicos de um </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Bos taurus </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">juvenil, dos quais se apresentam os resultados da análise de uma tíbia e um úmero.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Os elementos encontravam-se em estado fresco, com tecidos moles nas áreas junto das articulações e algum tecido remanescente nas diáfises. A fracturação (predominando o impacto transversal ao eixo longitudinal dos elementos) foi realizada com um </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">chopper</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> em quartzito (Figura 1), sobre uma superfície relativamente plana. Não se removeu o </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">periosteum</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> previamente à fracturação.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Na tíbia os contactos realizaram-se na face cranial e caudal e no úmero na face cranial, nas porções (2)3(4), i.e. na diáfise e perto das metáfises. Foram recolhidas praticamente todas as esquírolas de dimensões superiores a ~2cm resultantes da experimentação.</span></p> <!--EndFragment--> </div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj39-FcbhB9w572Cl6wJeXJzc401PQk44ax_kEPxrgzi4NiiAuidbNl_5cFC2XhkikSmgush9Lb1lU7UvMGfwzPA563KzEIKmeZGYeR_2IDktYe0AlAYKmq-D9YrP5SyAuM9Bwh8LQ38fQ/s1600/Chopper.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 321px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj39-FcbhB9w572Cl6wJeXJzc401PQk44ax_kEPxrgzi4NiiAuidbNl_5cFC2XhkikSmgush9Lb1lU7UvMGfwzPA563KzEIKmeZGYeR_2IDktYe0AlAYKmq-D9YrP5SyAuM9Bwh8LQ38fQ/s400/Chopper.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632170170202259586" /></a><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Figura 1: </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Chopper</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> usado na experimentação. Vermelho: margem activa; Azul: margem oportunamente utilizada.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Metodologia </span><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Os elementos foram analisados macroscopicamente registando-se a existência de impactos de percussão, contragolpes/abrasões, cones de percussão, lascas parasitas, estriações, perfurações/golpes e extracções corticais/medulares. </span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Os indicadores tafonómicos foram medidos com um paquímetro digital (Lux) e registados segundo a localização (e.g. porção, face), número e disposição (e.g. isolado, oblíquos paralelos).</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Os planos de fractura foram analisados segundo a sua delineação (longitudinal, curva, transversal), ângulo (oblíquo, recto, misto) e superfície (suave, irregular); apenas se consideraram os planos existentes em tecido cortical (diáfises), pois os presentes em tecido esponjoso (epífises) ou cortical delgado (metáfises) não são diagnósticos. Não foram analisadas as esquírolas de dimensões < 5 cm. </span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Sempre que possível mediram-se os ângulos com distâncias de ~2cm com o intuito de perceber a sua oscilação ao longo do mesmo plano de fractura.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Resultados: fracturação e estigmas de percussão</span><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Foi possível identificar vários indicadores tafonómicos de fracturação antrópica (Gráfico 1).</span></p> <!--EndFragment--> </div><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-23I8cWGqZN4/Til8uYCZCEI/AAAAAAAABgg/3dKQwEfsHb8/s1600/Tafonomia.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 203px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-23I8cWGqZN4/Til8uYCZCEI/AAAAAAAABgg/3dKQwEfsHb8/s400/Tafonomia.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632169945171822658" /></a><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Gráfico 1: Principais indicadores registados aquando das análises</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">.</span></i></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Tíbia</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> (Figura 2): evidenciaram-se 10 esquírolas com dimensões <5cm e 3 de dimensão >5cm sendo que se identificaram cones de percussão (E11, E14), impactos de percussão na E15 (3 consecutivos - porção 3, face caudal; 2 sobrepostos - porção 3(2), face cranial), lascas parasitas (E13, E11) e extracções medulares/corticais associadas aos impactos de percussão da E15. A E15 (Figura 3) apresentava várias perfurações/golpes concentradas (porção 3(2), face cranial) e isoladas (porção 3(4), face lateral; porção 3(4), face cranial). Na porção proximal da tíbia (Figura 4) comparecem 5 golpes concentrados, paralelos oblíquos (Gráfico 2.1).</span></p> <!--EndFragment--> </div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsh-7_seFQCJ5uhdeutp5Q3-KiZzp8TC9405k8HtwxQLxQqvtJVRZk2vf8yRGvbRpNoax_eURBosBOr-KSa8NbKrDMj7L6wE9V6nC8Z8RUkz6SS_OPNs0KTk28AJ02YVasw0n1StdSWgY/s1600/DSC_0002.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 268px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsh-7_seFQCJ5uhdeutp5Q3-KiZzp8TC9405k8HtwxQLxQqvtJVRZk2vf8yRGvbRpNoax_eURBosBOr-KSa8NbKrDMj7L6wE9V6nC8Z8RUkz6SS_OPNs0KTk28AJ02YVasw0n1StdSWgY/s400/DSC_0002.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632169712262412370" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Figura 2: Resultado da experimentação (tíbia – </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Bos taurus</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">).</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l_oU0ciAd0M/Til8KnLA5WI/AAAAAAAABgQ/l81SCVdwezI/s1600/T%25C3%25ADbia%2Bfragmento.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 268px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l_oU0ciAd0M/Til8KnLA5WI/AAAAAAAABgQ/l81SCVdwezI/s400/T%25C3%25ADbia%2Bfragmento.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632169330759230818" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Figura 3: A E15 apresenta impactos de percussão, lascas parasitas, extracções corticais, medulares, e perfurações/golpes.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FE66stkcXgg/Til759AXlsI/AAAAAAAABgI/z95rT6kAMIE/s1600/T%25C3%25ADbia%2Bproximal.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 268px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FE66stkcXgg/Til759AXlsI/AAAAAAAABgI/z95rT6kAMIE/s400/T%25C3%25ADbia%2Bproximal.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632169044562384578" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Figura 4: A porção proximal apresenta vários golpes oblíquos paralelos na face cranial.</span></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Úmero</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> (Figura 5): apresenta 11 esquírolas de dimensões <5cm e 3 de dimensões >5cm. Identificaram-se cones de percussão (E10, E12), impactos de percussão (E15: 1 isolado; E18: 1 isolado; E19: 2 consecutivos; Proximal: 1 isolado; Distal: 1 isolado) e lascas parasitas associadas a um impacto de percussão na porção distal. A E19 apresenta uma extracção medular associada a </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">peeling </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">(?) e a E17 uma extracção cortical. Registaram-se perfurações na E18 e vários golpes na E15 e E19, alguns dos quais imensuráveis (Figura 6; Gráfico 2.2).</span></p> <!--EndFragment--> </div><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pjCaJQyiI8M/Til7n7NBsEI/AAAAAAAABgA/L2e_ZW8K_Mw/s1600/%25C3%25B9mero%2Bdistal.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 268px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pjCaJQyiI8M/Til7n7NBsEI/AAAAAAAABgA/L2e_ZW8K_Mw/s400/%25C3%25B9mero%2Bdistal.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632168734840959042" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Figura 5: Resultado da experimentação (úmero – </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Bos taurus</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">).</span></span></div></span><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-d3nw8ZBJ2E4/Til7WOkBHEI/AAAAAAAABf4/7rJfnM3uR9s/s1600/%25C3%25BAmero%2Bv%25C3%25A1rios%2Bbaixa%2Bres.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 399px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-d3nw8ZBJ2E4/Til7WOkBHEI/AAAAAAAABf4/7rJfnM3uR9s/s400/%25C3%25BAmero%2Bv%25C3%25A1rios%2Bbaixa%2Bres.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632168430800018498" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Figura 6: Selecção de alguns dos indicadores tafonómicos evidenciados.</span></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKXBGOUSEwOayclA4SbOYlNjYzjIiwsPzomgLTNvJEpRhid5OqpZx19qNWT4aeVgEkq_1iMoR3gyKq5VZH15EfvyHR8y6tiWNjJAZhsT9cp7n0zor0ATmgx5fkEZz_xmtPoifCc_U89hg/s1600/T%25C3%25ADbia+medidas.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 244px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKXBGOUSEwOayclA4SbOYlNjYzjIiwsPzomgLTNvJEpRhid5OqpZx19qNWT4aeVgEkq_1iMoR3gyKq5VZH15EfvyHR8y6tiWNjJAZhsT9cp7n0zor0ATmgx5fkEZz_xmtPoifCc_U89hg/s400/T%25C3%25ADbia+medidas.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632167759176467394" /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-F6YYrscdIeo/Til6q02F-zI/AAAAAAAABfo/RPI_KCrCNLw/s1600/%25C3%25BAmero%2Bmedidas.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 224px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-F6YYrscdIeo/Til6q02F-zI/AAAAAAAABfo/RPI_KCrCNLw/s400/%25C3%25BAmero%2Bmedidas.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632167685162138418" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Gráfico 2.1/2.2: Dimensões (cmp/larg mm) das perfurações/golpes mensuráveis. Superior: tíbia;inferior: úmero.</span></div><div><!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><!--StartFragment--> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Resultados: planos de fractura</span><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">A tíbia e o úmero apresentavam um total de 18 planos de fractura (9 em cada um dos elementos) analisáveis segundo a opção metodológica tomada (Gráfico 3). Denota-se um claro predomínio das delineações curvas, contudo registou-se um número considerável de ângulos mistos em ambos os elementos. De salientar a presença de 4 ângulos rectos na tíbia e 5 ângulos oblíquos no úmero. Relativamente às superfícies, ainda que exista um predomínio de superfícies suaves em ambos os elementos, o úmero apresentava 3 superfícies irregulares.</span></p> <!--EndFragment--> </div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGUnv0qIqAJ3q4bOwyf-OHsgF48Fg4uUzrWZdz3y2MkXmV-TuXpxtxOhfPGfe63MwgHL6kWrKA1F07OdgpEwF2GbuPYX4L6WuZ9M2H6g2-T5uZnHo_A_w5J8GBORBQ9VwSsDn5nuPpqnY/s1600/Planos.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 223px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGUnv0qIqAJ3q4bOwyf-OHsgF48Fg4uUzrWZdz3y2MkXmV-TuXpxtxOhfPGfe63MwgHL6kWrKA1F07OdgpEwF2GbuPYX4L6WuZ9M2H6g2-T5uZnHo_A_w5J8GBORBQ9VwSsDn5nuPpqnY/s400/Planos.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632167450235034066" /></a><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Gráfico 3: Análise dos planos de fractura da tíbia e úmero segundo a delineação, ângulo e superfície.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Na tíbia, a esmagadora maioria dos ângulos encontra-se entre os 70º e 95º; no úmero estão mais uniformemente dispersos pelos vários grupos, contudo predominam ângulos entre 45º e 70º.</span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Perspectivas futuras:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> </b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">neste post apenas apresentamos os resultados da fracturação de dois elementos de </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Bos taurus</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, contudo foram processados um total de 8 ossos longos. Esta experiência é um </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; font-family:Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">primeiro passo para a elaboração de um protocolo experimental que visa a obtenção de dados actualistas acerca das modificações realizadas por fracturação antrópica.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Agradecimentos:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"> </b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">ao Fumeiro da Beira (Mação) por carinhosamente nos darem os ossos de </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Bos taurus</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> para a experimentação.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Nelson Almeida</span><o:p></o:p></b></p> <!--EndFragment-->Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-85586652109380452602011-07-15T14:11:00.002+01:002011-07-15T14:16:48.665+01:00Early diagenesis of ungulate crania in temperate environments:experimentation protocol<div style="text-align: center;">Partilhamos o poster apresentado no <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <a href="http://www.taphos-2011.uni-tuebingen.de/">Taphos<span style=""> </span>2011 <span style=""> </span>6th International Meeting on Taphonomy and Fossilization, Tubingen, Alemanha (June)</a><br /></div><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw2sy0fY45PNUD3cwbEFS3nH18Xu8CjhlZh-IQmbZs7eHZ-ZS5gOdnUqhFnWtT_zfIht8tMF4G0G8UgYoFIli7y4ivok1vIlXXjxfdR5dKL_FhW3BK9V0UznS27DGwejaxOa7IVBOhn_E/s1600/Poster.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 227px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw2sy0fY45PNUD3cwbEFS3nH18Xu8CjhlZh-IQmbZs7eHZ-ZS5gOdnUqhFnWtT_zfIht8tMF4G0G8UgYoFIli7y4ivok1vIlXXjxfdR5dKL_FhW3BK9V0UznS27DGwejaxOa7IVBOhn_E/s320/Poster.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5629567112061918530" border="0" /></a>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-26381069160633008662011-07-12T10:26:00.020+01:002011-07-12T12:26:16.624+01:00Experimentação com uma haste de veado (Cervus elaphus) e lascas em quartzito<div align="left"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Introdução</b></span><br /></div><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">O seguinte procedimento experimental visou a compreensão do processo tecnológico de corte de hastes de cervídeos (Imagem 1) com lascas em quartzito e a detecção dos macro-traços eventualmente visíveis nos gumes das lascas utilizadas. Além disso, proporcionou a ampliação da colecção de referência de lascas experimentais com vestígios de utilização, tendo-se obtido cinco lascas com vários gumes utilizados, associados a tempos de uso diferentes.</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fQ-2n9PwTrs/Thwsdu_6ydI/AAAAAAAABdQ/93ceQyoLNOU/s1600/image004.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 188px; height: 281px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fQ-2n9PwTrs/Thwsdu_6ydI/AAAAAAAABdQ/93ceQyoLNOU/s320/image004.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628422523650230738" border="0" /></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >Imagem 1: Haste de veado (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>), comprimento 46 cm.</span><br /></div><div align="left"><br /></div><span style="font-size:100%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Descrição da experiência. </span></b></span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Antes do começo do trabalho efectivo, algumas lascas experimentais foram obtidas através de uma actividade de lascamento realizada por Pedro Cura (Imagem 2). A matéria prima constituiu-se por seixos fluviais em quartzito, recolhidos acerca da localidade de Santa Cita (Tomar, Portugal). Essa escolha foi feita devido ao fato de que a colecção lítica proveniente do sítio a</span><span style="font-size:100%;">rqueológico de Santa Cita encontra-se actualmente em estudo, visando-se então, em um momento futuro, a possível comparação dos dados traceológicos destas peças experimentais com as peças arqueológicas da referida colecção. </span><br /></div><div align="left"><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q6f9n_IjlPc/ThwsaeBffhI/AAAAAAAABdI/7J9YnKJM0O4/s1600/image006.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 302px; height: 203px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q6f9n_IjlPc/ThwsaeBffhI/AAAAAAAABdI/7J9YnKJM0O4/s320/image006.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628422467553820178" border="0" /></a><br /></div><p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"></p><p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left"></p><p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >Imagem 2: Actividade experimental de lascamento.</span><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">A intenção principal do procedimento foi o corte das extremidades da haste para a obtenção de quatro pressionadores e um percutor brando (a extremidade proximal).</span><span style="font-size:100%;">Foram então escolhidas cinco lascas em quartzito (duas corticais e três não corticais), que apresentavam gumes aptos para a actividade de corte (ângulo agudo e delineação sagital linear) e boa preensão (manual).</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">A acção realizou-se, na totalidade dos casos, relacionada com um movimento bidirecional e com um ângulo de contacto com o material trabalhado de cerca 80-90° (Imagem 3).</span><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ_tUu5SDQdek95Tuh2oD71QW-u7SynMvvDW5gF8UAZv06d8J4QQgym3yeoBzAUYE75E2pYvrlfnWVwroiuxVV_dijbZokzJAIox7b7xgIKpNnPW-iax8hlvB292RiUlclHpZtIA32TcY/s1600/image008.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 215px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ_tUu5SDQdek95Tuh2oD71QW-u7SynMvvDW5gF8UAZv06d8J4QQgym3yeoBzAUYE75E2pYvrlfnWVwroiuxVV_dijbZokzJAIox7b7xgIKpNnPW-iax8hlvB292RiUlclHpZtIA32TcY/s320/image008.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628422406049425058" border="0" /></a><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >Imagem 3: Acção de corte da haste de veado (corte central para obter um percutor brando)</span><br /></div><span style="font-size:100%;"><br />Foram fotografados os gumes utilizados a cada cinco minutos, com o objectivo de se obter um controle do processo de modificação dos mesmos durante a actividade e para que pudéssemos dispor, então, de uma noção <i>a posteriori </i>da modificação macroscópica (Imagens 4-5).</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VuAzGmI4E3I/ThwsSt3OiQI/AAAAAAAABc4/aeo9g4Lpfrc/s1600/image010.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 242px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VuAzGmI4E3I/ThwsSt3OiQI/AAAAAAAABc4/aeo9g4Lpfrc/s320/image010.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628422334366779650" border="0" /></a><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >Imagem 4: Uma das lascas (ss_2) utilizada no trabalho experimental (exemplo da modificação do gume direito). Nota-se na última fotografia que o gume foi retocado. </span></div><p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"></p><p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"></p><p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"></p><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" ><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px; display: block; height: 178px; cursor: pointer;" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628397331509234402" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oQ9Anh03pIA/ThwVjW9dSuI/AAAAAAAABcA/lGfkA-NgrvQ/s320/image012.jpg" border="0" /></span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >Imagem 5: Lasca ss_4: modificação do gume distal.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"></p><div style="text-align: justify;">Observando as imagens 4 e 5, pode-se perceber a incidência das modificações a nível macroscópico. No primeiro caso (Lasca ss_2), tratando-se de um gume bastante rectilíneo, com um ângulo não excessivamente agudo (40°), não foi possível reconhecer modificações muito profundas que alterassem visivelmente a morfologia inicial do gume utilizado. Pelo contrario, considerando a lasca ss_4 (Imagem 5), que mostrava um gume distal convexo com um ângulo da zona activa de 25 °, as modificações foram bem visíveis, compreendendo um micro-lascamento bem profundo no começo, arredondamento da margem lateral direita (visão da face dorsal), desgaste muito profundo na zona mais frágil do gume (lateral esquerda, onde apresentava-se uma retirada do córtex ocorrida na altura do talhe) e consequente alisamento final do restante do gume.<br /><br /></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCmNHwjPhrHkEuk1wiaei6-RUPugwtxUzzELOhtKi3HfjXzAJ09yyFAadQEsNO-qqZx6b86EgcBi1iJxdkAZ0rwzJhdc-5mKijnfZGHvt-altmd8Pv47yB3wLcxyPdjDvkLSYIw7_WAVc/s1600/image014.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 103px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCmNHwjPhrHkEuk1wiaei6-RUPugwtxUzzELOhtKi3HfjXzAJ09yyFAadQEsNO-qqZx6b86EgcBi1iJxdkAZ0rwzJhdc-5mKijnfZGHvt-altmd8Pv47yB3wLcxyPdjDvkLSYIw7_WAVc/s320/image014.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628422147484003554" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g5QaktlxPKw/ThwU9I1O_RI/AAAAAAAABbw/VPMS3SkMx2o/s1600/image016.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px; display: block; height: 107px; cursor: pointer;" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628396674881617170" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g5QaktlxPKw/ThwU9I1O_RI/AAAAAAAABbw/VPMS3SkMx2o/s320/image016.jpg" border="0" /></a><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >Imagem 6: Lascas ss_1 e ss_5, antes e depois da utilização.</span><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:100%;" >Na Imagem 6, nota-se um micro-lascamento muito visível em relação ao gume direito proximal da lasca ss_1 e o gume direito distal da lasca cortical ss_5. Nestes casos, os ângulos de partida eram respectivamente de 28 e 30°. Os micro-lascamentos inicias levaram às modificações na morfologia dos gumes, até a uma regularização obtida por um arredondamento dos mesmos de modo que não puderam ser considerados mais funcionais. </span><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"></p><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gGAcqLIlHP8/ThwUtsXtSFI/AAAAAAAABbo/A5FkV0Aznvo/s1600/image018.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px; display: block; height: 221px; cursor: pointer;" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628396409543542866" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gGAcqLIlHP8/ThwUtsXtSFI/AAAAAAAABbo/A5FkV0Aznvo/s320/image018.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Imagem 7: Gume lateral esquerdo da lasca ss_7 antes e depois da utilização (parte distal em cima, utilizada por 35 min, parte proximal, utilizada por 20 min).</span><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">A imagem 7 monstra o gume esquerdo da lasca ss_7, a qual foi utilizada para trabalhar a hasta no seu estado molhado. Por isso, e considerando também a quantidade reduzida do tempo em que o gume sofreu o contacto com o material orgânico, não foram constatadas modificações evidentes na morfologia dos gumes. Aconteceram, entretanto, marginais esquirolamentos, que deixaram o gume mais regular.<br /></div><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal">Como já foi dito antes, a haste foi trabalhada, também, após ter sido humedecida em água durante 107 horas, com a finalidade de que pudéssemos perceber as possíveis diferenças em relação à condição normal (seco) de trabalho.</p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal">Quatro lascas entraram em contacto com a haste humedecida (para efectuar os últimos três cortes, 3,4,5 Imagem 8), controlando-se o tempo relacionado à execução do trabalho e tendo-se verificado uma significativa diminuição do tempo necessário para a realização dos cortes pretendidos (Tab. 1).<br /></p><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hBMe5YfxEi4/ThwT_0zILvI/AAAAAAAABbg/fefooeDQhlw/s1600/image020.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px; display: block; height: 213px; cursor: pointer;" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5628395621532053234" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hBMe5YfxEi4/ThwT_0zILvI/AAAAAAAABbg/fefooeDQhlw/s320/image020.jpg" border="0" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >Imagem 8: 1, 2, 4, 5: pressionadores; 3, percutor.</span><br /></div><br /><table style="border: medium none ; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.8pt; margin-right: 4.8pt;" class="MsoNormalTable" align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></tbody></table><br /><p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.8pt; margin-right: 4.8pt;" align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(128, 100, 162); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.15pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black;">PORÇÃO DA HASTE</span></b></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(128, 100, 162); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.25pt;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black;">ESTADO</span></b></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(128, 100, 162); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.15pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black;">LARGURA</span></b></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black;">cm</span></b></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(128, 100, 162); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 91.5pt;" valign="top" width="122"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black;">TEMPO</span></b></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black;">min</span></b></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(223, 216, 232) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 111.15pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top" width="148"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;">PUNTA N. 1</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(223, 216, 232) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 72.25pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;">Seco</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(223, 216, 232) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 106.15pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top" width="142"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;">1,5</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(223, 216, 232) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 91.5pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top" width="122"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">90</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.15pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">PUNTA N. 2</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.25pt;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">Seco</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.15pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">3,6</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 91.5pt;" valign="top" width="122"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">180</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(223, 216, 232) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 111.15pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top" width="148"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">TAGLIO N. 3</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(223, 216, 232) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 72.25pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">Molhado</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(223, 216, 232) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 106.15pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top" width="142"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">2,3</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(223, 216, 232) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 91.5pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top" width="122"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">95</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.15pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">PUNTA N. 4</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.25pt;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">Molhado</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.15pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">1</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border: medium none ; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 91.5pt;" valign="top" width="122"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">35</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(128, 100, 162); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(223, 216, 232) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 111.15pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top" width="148"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">PUNTA N. 5</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(128, 100, 162); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(223, 216, 232) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 72.25pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">Molhado</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(128, 100, 162); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(223, 216, 232) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 106.15pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top" width="142"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">1,8</span></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(128, 100, 162); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(223, 216, 232) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 91.5pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top" width="122"> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; color: black;" lang="IT">20</span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:100%;" >Tab. 1: Corte efectuado (ver a Imagem 5), estado da haste, largura da extremidade cortada e tempo necessário para terminar o trabalho.</span></p><p></p><p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal" align="center"></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="MsoNormal">Tendo em conta a largura das porções que foram extraídas e o relativo estado da haste, tornou-se clara a efectiva vantagem em trabalhar esta em seu estado húmido. </p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><b>Discussão</b><br /></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal">A actividade aqui descrita visou, principalmente, à ampliação da colecção de referência de lascas experimentais do Laboratório de Quaternário e Indústrias Líticas. A vantagem de terem sido obtidos gumes que foram utilizados em tempos diferentes (de 10 minutos até 110 minutos) encontra-se no fato de que futuramente será possível analisar microscopicamente a formação dos traços de uso no trabalho com matérias duras animais (haste) nas lascas em quartzito.</p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal">Além disso, uma possível ampliação deste trabalho será constituída pela repetição da mesma actividade utilizando diferentes matérias primas (sílex e quartzo) e pela comparação dos traços de utilização que irão se formar.</p><p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >ANTONELLA PEDERGNANA</span><br /></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-69249158072207935072011-07-11T09:20:00.001+01:002011-07-11T09:24:31.388+01:00Um site a revisitarO site Laboratorio di archeologia sperimental tem novos conteúdos, bem como o respectivo canal youtube, cuja visita aconselhamos!<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/HyxcNxX40VA" allowfullscreen="" width="560" frameborder="0" height="349"></iframe><br /></div>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-57450039379746308832011-07-06T18:37:00.005+01:002011-07-06T18:48:24.288+01:00Experimentação sobre Alterações pós-deposicionais em contextos fluviais<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:author>sgs04rh</o:Author> <o:version>11.9999</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><span style="font-family:Arial;">O estudo de indústrias líticas provenientes de depósitos fluviais não se pode fazer sem tentarmos compreender o mais possível os processos relacionados com o transporte, transformação e deposição dos artefactos nos leitos dos rios.</span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Estes processos são tanto mais importantes quando tentamos uma análise minuciosa da alteração das margens das peças. Nesse momento e quando estas não correspondem aos retoques cuja descrição e morfologia está bem convencionada (porventura demais e em desadequação com indústrias de outras matérias primas que não o sílex, mas isso é outra discussão), há toda uma série de questões que se colocam e vários caminhos e metodologias para intentar respostas. Alguns passam pela arqueologia experimental, não só pela manufactura e utilização de artefactos semelhantes, mas também pela tentativa de reproduzir em laboratório ou em ambiente fluvial actual aas diferentes acções, e respectivas consequências, implicadas no transporte, deposição e erosão fluvial.</span></p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGWhK78Bc4qLQ1RuyLuTsZM-uGrDivj30IAhGbIRHVGxsJgNxLxI_oZNeR_SWJVtII9N_CUPTv0lD2nmpEItT4cFw_r306snByRjU0aV8FaIu8sfst7QyB0PU3F2_DKiNmPkG2tT5cQYU/s1600/chambers_et_al2003.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 291px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGWhK78Bc4qLQ1RuyLuTsZM-uGrDivj30IAhGbIRHVGxsJgNxLxI_oZNeR_SWJVtII9N_CUPTv0lD2nmpEItT4cFw_r306snByRjU0aV8FaIu8sfst7QyB0PU3F2_DKiNmPkG2tT5cQYU/s320/chambers_et_al2003.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5626296339924576594" border="0" /></a><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:author>sgs04rh</o:Author> <o:version>11.9999</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><div style="text-align: center;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" >Exemplos de alteração das margens após transporte no âmbito do projecto experimental de <b style="">Afon Ystwyth</b><span style=""> </span>(retirado de Hosfield, R.T., Chambers, J.C., 2003. Flake modifications during fluvial transportation: three cautionary tales. Lithics 24, 57–65.</span></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Para quem está interessado aqui fica uma lista de bibliografia ( a negrito está o que não tenho, se alguém tiver agradeço): </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Chambers, J.C., 2003. Like a rolling stone? the identification of fluvial transportation damage signatures on secondary context bifaces. Lithics 24, 66–77.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="author"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Grosman</span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;">, L., <span class="author">Sharon</span>, G, <span class="author">Talia Goldman-Neuman</span>, T., <span class="author">Oded Smikt</span>, O., <span class="author">Smilansky, U.</span> (<span class="year">2011</span>) Studying post depositional damage on Acheulian bifaces using 3-D scanning, <span class="container">Journal of Human Evolution,</span> <span class="info">Volume: </span><span class="volume">60</span>, <span class="info">Issue: </span><span class="issue">4</span>, <span class="info">Publisher: </span><span class="publisher">Elsevier Ltd</span>, <span class="info">Pages: </span><span class="pages">398-406</span></span></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">Hosfield, R.T. & Chambers, J.C. 2002. Processes and Experiences — Experimental Archaeology on a River Floodplain. In M.G. Macklin, P.A. Brewer & T.J. Coulthard (eds.) <i>River Systems and Environmental Change in Wales: Field Guide</i>: 32–39. Aberystwyth: British Geomorphological Research Group. </span></b></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="personname"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:Arial;color:#000000;" >Hosfield, R.T.</span></b></span><b style=""><span style=";font-family:Arial;color:#000000;" > and <span class="personname">Chambers, J.C.</span> (2005) <a href="http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/3646/"><em><span style="text-decoration: none;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;" >River gravels and flakes: new experiments in site formation, stone tool transportation and transformation.</span></em></a> In: <span class="personname">Fansa, M.</span> (ed.) Experimentelle Archäologie in Europa, Bilanz 2004. Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg, pp. 57-74.</span></b></p> <p class="Default" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">Hosfield, R.T. & Chambers, J.C. 2004. Experimental Archaeology on the Afon Ystwyth, Wales, UK. <i>Antiquity </i>78 </span></b></p> <h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a name="_Toc85772140"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Hosfield, R.T The Afon Ystwyth Experiment Archaeology Project</span></a></span><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:100%;" >, <a href="http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/%7Esgs04rh/AfonYstwyth/Home.htm">http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~sgs04rh/AfonYstwyth/Home.htm</a>, Publicação em linha consultada no dia 6 de Julho de 2011</span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Hosfield, R.T., Chambers, J.C., 2003. Flake modifications during fluvial transportation: three cautionary tales. Lithics 24, 57–65.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Hosfield, R.T., Chambers, J.C., Macklin, M.G., Brewer, P., Sear, D., 2000. Interpreting secondary context sites: a role for experimental archaeology. Lithics 21, 29–35.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Isaac, G.L. 1989. Towards the interpretation of occupation debris: some experiments and observations. In: B. Isaac (ed.), <i>The Archaeology of Human Origins: Papers by Glynn Isaac. </i>Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp 191- 205.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Lewin, J., Brewre, P.A., 2002. Laboratory simulation of clast abrasion. Earth Surf. Proc. Land 27, 145–164.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Peacock, E., 1991. Distinguishing between Artifacts and Geofacts: a test case from eastern England. J. Field Archaeol. 18, 345–361.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">PETRAGLIA, M.D.; NASH, D.T. (1987); The impact of fluvial processes on experimental sites. <i>Natural Formation Processes and the Archaeological Record. </i>(D.T. Nash y M.D. Petraglia, eds.). BAR International Series 352, 108-130.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">ScHiCK, K.D. (1984): <i>Processes of Palaeoiithic Site Formation: Na Experimental Study. </i>Tesis doctoral, University of California, Berkeley, Ann Harbor, University Microfilms International.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;">ScHicK, K.D. (1987): Experimentally-derived entena for assesing hydrologic disturbance of archaeological sites. <i>Natural Formation Processes and the Arcaheological Record. </i>(D.T. Nash y M.D. Petraglia, eds.). BAR International Series 352, 86-107.</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="personname"><span style="font-family:Arial;">de la Torre, I</span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"> (2001) El impacto de los procesos fluviales en la formación de los yacimientos arqueológicos pleistocenos al aire libre: pautas de análisis experimental. <strong><span style="font-family:Arial;">Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie I</span></strong> , 14 13 – 45</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">SARA CURA</span></span></p>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-48566326173808412872011-06-20T17:59:00.010+01:002011-06-20T20:34:18.634+01:00Modificações de superfícies ósseas, uma “experiência” de consumo com Canis familiaris. II – marcas de dentes.<div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(38, 38, 38); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Introdução</span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(38, 38, 38); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(38, 38, 38); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">No post intitulado "Modificações de superfícies ósseas, uma 'experiência' de consumo com </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Canis familiaris</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">. I – planos de fractura" (17/05/2011), procedeu-se à análise dos planos de fractura (e integridade) de vários ossos longos de ovino-caprino submetidos à acção de um </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Canis</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">familiaris</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">. Desta feita são apresentados os resultados sumários da análise das marcas de dentes encontradas nesses mesmos elemento</span>s.</span></span></span></div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Metodologia</span></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b></b></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Os elementos ósseos foram analisados com forte luz incidente e uma lupa de mão (4x). Registaram-se os indicadores tafonómicos, nomeadamente as marcas de dentes, segundo o seu número, localização (face, porção), características métricas</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> e tipologia, i.e. mor</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">discos, perfurações, sulcos e depressões. Quando possível, as marcas de dentes foram medidas com um paquímetro digital (Lux).</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Resultados</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">FémurD: uma perfuração em plano de fractura e vários sulcos, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">alguns dos quais imensuráveis. A esfoliação da superfície óssea é ténue e os sulcos passíveis de ser medidos (n=7) oscilam entre 9.47x1,47mm e 3.15x0.91 mm;</span></span></p><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 232px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ozXm8tVV6lM/Tf99TM_l8pI/AAAAAAAABaY/ZSEOjDw_4CU/s320/F%25C3%25A9murD.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5620348628840608402" /><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">UlnaE: forte esfoliação da superfície óssea associada ao consumo da epífise proximal;</span></span></p> <!--EndFragment--> </span><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 165px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-x472xnK5bEw/Tf99khSIdJI/AAAAAAAABag/vbbS57uZdoc/s320/Ulna.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5620348926344852626" /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">RádioE: uma lasca cortical ainda presa e algumas esfoliações, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">sobretudo associadas a mordiscos e sulcos. Foi possível medir 3 mordiscos (2.74x1.12mm, 1.94x1.25mm, 1.47x1.41mm) e 5 sulcos que oscilam entre 7.18x0.04mm e 4.21x0.39mm;</span></span></p><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 214px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fj3WL7qFZZk/Tf9-ARGTG0I/AAAAAAAABao/3C6UbEuGYa0/s320/R%25C3%25A1dio%2BE.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5620349403036588866" /><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">ÚmeroD: uma perfuração em plano de fractura, </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">furrowing</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> inicial na porção distal e relativa esfoliação em certas partes do osso. Foi possível medir 1 sulco (5.04x0.90mm) e 5 mordiscos, estes variando entre 2.51x1.26mm e 0.95x0.54 mm. Identificaram-se duas depressões com 3.28x2.15mm e 2.75x2.55mm;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 198px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QVvrdSWPaWM/Tf9-Ul91ROI/AAAAAAAABaw/lI01ClUNS7E/s320/%25C3%259AmeroD2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5620349752235607266" /></span></p><p></p> <!--EndFragment--> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"> <!--StartFragment--> </span></p><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">TíbiaD: uma perfuração em plano de fractura e </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">esvaciado</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> na porção proximal e distal. Identificaram-se 2 sulcos (12.21x0.89mm, 5.46x0.73mm) e 2 mordiscos (1.14x0.56, 0.83x0.74mm);</span></span></p> <!--EndFragment--> </span><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 175px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xQGOa3Vq6gA/Tf9-zUxJ7RI/AAAAAAAABa4/DK7oaCv11N0/s320/T%25C3%25ADbia%2BD.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5620350280194977042" /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">TíbiaE: um dos planos de fractura parece apresentar </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">liking</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> e um outro demonstra efectivamente este comportamento. Apresenta </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">esvaciado</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> e Identificou-se 1 perfuração em plano de fractura associada a esmagamento de tecido cortical, tendo-se desprendido 1 lasca cortical aquando do manuseamento do elemento. Um mordisco apresentava 1.21x0.74mm;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"> <!--StartFragment--> </span></p><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 192px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LgulMPl7KSc/Tf9_P37z45I/AAAAAAAABbA/QlIjvEBH-3c/s320/T%25C3%25ADbiaE.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5620350770671248274" /><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Perspectivas futuras</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Esta experiência é um primeiro passo para a elaboração de um protocolo experimental que visa a obtenção de dados actualistas acerca das modificações realizadas por animais aquando do consumo de restos.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Agradecimentos</span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><b></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Uma vez mais os nossos agradecimentos vão para a Smartie pela sua participação activa nesta experiência.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><span style="font-family:Helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Nelson Almeida</span></span></b></p></span><p></p> <!--EndFragment--> <p></p> <!--EndFragment--> <p></p> <!--EndFragment-->Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-87558982658567173482011-06-08T10:49:00.006+01:002011-06-08T11:13:35.086+01:00Modificações de superfícies ósseas, termoalterações por contacto com fogo. I – cremação diferencial<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Os critérios usados para identificar termoalterações por contacto com fogo são normalmente macroscópicos. Os principais indicadores compreendem mudanças estruturais, índices de coloração, aumento da friabilidade associada à comparência de fissuras e recristalizações, diminuição de tamanho, deformações, fragmentação e desintegração.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Os dados empíricos actualistas demonstram uma sequência de diferentes estádios de tonalidade - castanho, negro, cinzento, branco – com fases intermédias, relacionados com vários aspectos (e.g. tempo de exposição, temperatura máxima atingida, tipo de osso, existência ou não de tecidos moles). Grosso modo, uma possível correlação destes aspectos abarcará modificações desde o ligeiramente queimado, à carbonização e calcinação.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--StartFragment--> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Exemplo de cremação diferencial</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span><!--StartFragment--></b></p><b><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Apresenta-se um rádio-ulnaD de ovino-caprino que, após a remoção dos carpais, metacarpo e falanges, foi submetido à acção calorífica de uma fogueira com tecidos moles. Os resultados são interessantes, sobretudo por 3 aspectos:</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">1 – Denotam-se alterações na porção 5 relacionadas com o contacto directo com o fogo (estádio intermédio com carbonização);</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 134px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fsmMPk_FTCs/Te9GIvPLMAI/AAAAAAAABZ0/ehTWzJnpe28/s200/1.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5615784376287309826" /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> <!--StartFragment--> </span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">2 – Na face medial/porção 3 e 4 a maior parte dos tecidos moles foram removidos, embora tenha restado uma fina película de tecidos remanescentes e </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">periosteum </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">que protegeu parcialmente a superfície óssea. O resultado foi uma faixa de tonalidade creme com uma mancha castanha (estádio inicial por contacto indirecto e estádio intermédio inicial);</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 134px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EMJNpTuUHug/Te9Gms_mCwI/AAAAAAAABZ8/C0c6hLrWg6k/s200/2.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5615784891081165570" /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><!--StartFragment--> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">3 – A restante área encontrava-se protegida da acção calorífica directa, não apresentando qualquer mudança de tonalidade devida ao contacto com o fogo.</span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 134px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FqWwAnihXMM/Te9G7m2gX8I/AAAAAAAABaE/VR6UoxTLLHw/s200/3.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5615785250209685442" /></p> <!--EndFragment--> <p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Este é um bom exemplo das diferenças a nível de coloração passíveis de comparecer num mesmo elemento anatómico submetido ao contacto com fogo.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Nelson Almeida</span></b></p> <!--EndFragment--> </span><p></p> <!--EndFragment--> </b><p></p> <!--EndFragment--> <p></p> <!--EndFragment-->Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-84040504647684830822011-05-23T18:55:00.002+01:002011-05-23T18:59:05.359+01:00Arqueologia e Identidade: problemáticas de uma ciência interdisciplinarTem início amanhã o Seminário "Arqueologia e Identidade: problemáticas de uma ciência interdisciplinar" no Anfiteatro Nobre da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto. A não perder!<div><br /></div><div>Mais informações em</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://seminarioarqueologianaup.wordpress.com/2011/05/13/programa-oficial-do-seminario-arqueologia-e-identidade/">http://seminarioarqueologianaup.wordpress.com/2011/05/13/programa-oficial-do-seminario-arqueologia-e-identidade/</a></div><div><br /></div>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-71452515885037850782011-05-19T11:06:00.001+01:002011-05-19T11:09:10.806+01:003er CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE ARQUEOLOGÍA experimental<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://http://www.asociacionexperimenta.com/arqueologia/index.php"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 266px; height: 328px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQXsAjX9D8NpIAIIwICpMiYZ6WH-Q2lMmHwluN4C1RzASTtawLenNgvQS-57MtahmKPIKFJTz4W_U-nIU4qsVze1glod8RX1bJ4dBATUFymX1mFzP6qfi5_SmqWZaRzl560KxF0gJe1vQ/s200/nou2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608367039462145202" border="0" /></a>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-57425400173237189302011-05-17T12:01:00.010+01:002011-07-31T21:16:01.510+01:00Modificações de superfícies ósseas, uma “experiência” de consumo com Canis familiaris. I - planos de fractura.<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px; "><b><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Problemática arqueológica</span></span></b></span></div><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">Vários investigadores dedicam-se a questões relacionadas com modificações induzidas durante o consumo por diferentes animais. O objectiv</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">o principal é a aquisição de dados actualistas que permitam traçar paralelos com o registo arqueológico aquando da análise tafonómica. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">São vários os factores que influem (directa ou indirectamente) no tipo de fracturação resultante: características físico-químicas dos ossos (ex. estado, morfologia, animal) e aspectos biológicos (ex. fisiologia e etologia do carnívoro, pressão trófica, tipo de acesso</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">). O resultado da pressão das cúspides dentárias nas superfícies ósseas é a fracturação e presença de marcas de dentes (apresentadas num <i>post </i>posterior). A primeira compreende geralmente morfologias em espiral ou helicoidais (Lyman, 1994).</span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">Os canídeos domésticos (<i>Canis familiaris</i>) ocasion</span><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">am principalmente planos de fractura típicos de ossos secos/semi-secos (ângulos rectos e mistos). Os canídeos fracturam e mastigam grande parte dos ossos longos, engolindo e digerindo muitos fragmentos de diâmetro <2,5 cm. O consumo poderá ocorrer através da redução das epífises dos ossos longos com acesso e consumo da medula óssea resultando em cilindros diafisários que, para além das típicas marcas dentes, poderão apresentar um adelgaçamentos associado a arredondamento/polimentos das superfícies ósseas, ou ainda sobrevir a formação de fracturas longitudinais acaneladas (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:'Times New Roman';color:black;">ex. Payne e Munson, 1985; Haynes, 1980, 1983, 1985; Binford, 1981).</span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><b><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Materiais e Métodos</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">Durante sensivelmente 2 dias vários elementos ósseos </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">de um indivíduo juvenil de </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><i>Ovis aries</i></span><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';"> estiveram acessíveis a um <i>Canis familiaris</i> adulto </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">(Figura 1). Os restos eram provenientes de um churrasco, tendo estado directa e indirectamente submetidos a fogo durante cerca de 2 a 3 horas, e apresentavam somente alguns tecidos moles remanescentes não consumidos. </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Após a recolha dos restos, estes foram submetidos a tratamento através do seu fervimento durante cerca de uma hora para remoção dos vestígios presentes e, ulteriormente, foram deixados ao sol para secarem e serem analisados. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Neste pequeno <i>post</i> somente faremos referência aos planos de fractura encontrados em duas tíbias (esquerda e direita), um fémur (direito), um rádio (esquerdo) e um úmero (direito). Os elementos encontravam-se parcialmente articulados antes do acesso para consumo mas devido ao carácter inesperado da situação não foi possível encontrar todos os elementos e os materiais resultantes da fracturação.</span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">Figura 1: Elementos modificados durante o consumo.</span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 200px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E4v3A3Tyo3Y/TdJYszdwkvI/AAAAAAAABZU/qhKMjCVWnnE/s200/image002.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5607642012782203634" /></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">A metodologia de análise segue Villa e Mahieu (1991) que no seguimento de Bonnichsen (1979) e Bunn (1983) contemplam a delineação em relação ao eixo longitudinal do osso (transversal, longitudinal, curva), o ângulo formado pelas fracturas (oblíquo, recto, misto) e a superfície de fractura (suave, irregular). Somente se analisaram fracturas localizadas na área cortical pois as existentes na zona cortical delgada ou esponjosa não são tidas como diagnósticas. A secção das diáfises é agrupada em A (S superior/igual</span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Symbol;"> </span></span><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">2/3), B (1/3 inferior/igual </span><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">2/3) ou C (S inferior 1/3). A longitude das diáfises é agrupadas em A (L inferior 1/4), B (1/4 inferior/igual</span><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';"> ½), C (1/2 </span><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">inferior/igual ¾) ou D (L </span><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">inferior/igual ¾).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><b><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Resultados</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">Os diferentes elementos demonstram a completa destruição das epífises proximais e distais (Tabela 1). No que concerne às secções somente se averiguaram secções do tipo A; relativamente às longitudes encontram-se as classes D (3) e C (2). Tendo em conta que não estamos perante a uma experimentação mas sim uma <b>experiência</b> <b>imprevista</b> não nos foi possível encontrar as porções em falta, que terão sido completamente destruídas e/ou consumidas, o mesmo se poderá dizer para algumas lascas ósseas derivadas da fracturação. Ainda assim de relevar a existência de uma lasca cortical não desprendida na face posterior do rádioE. Outros indicadores de consumo, nomeadamente as marcas de dentes, foram averiguadas e serão apresentados num futuro próximo, contudo a inexistência de epífises estará interligada a esvaziado (<i>furrowing</i> em grau extremo).</span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: center; line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">Tabela 1: Análise das secções e longitudes dos diferentes elementos com indicação da presença ou ausência das distintas porções ósseas.</span></p><div align="center" style=" ;font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><table class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border- color:initial;"><tbody><tr><td width="71" rowspan="2" style="width: 70.95pt; border-width: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Análise<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="355" colspan="5" style="width: 354.85pt; border-width: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Elemento<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">FémurD<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">RádioE<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">TíbiaD<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">TíbiaE<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">ÚmeroD<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-width: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Secção<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">A<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">A<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">A<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">A<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">A<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-width: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Longitude<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">D<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">D<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">D<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-width: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Porção 1<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-width: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Porção 2<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Quase inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Parcialmente presente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Parcialmente presente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Quase inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-width: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Porção 3<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Presente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Presente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Presente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Presente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Presente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-width: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Porção 4<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Parcialmente existente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Quase inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Quase inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Presente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-width: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Porção 5<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 70.95pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Inexistente<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="71" style="width: 71pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Inexistente</span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">A maioria dos planos de fractura comparecem em metáfises (cortical delgado) e como consequência não são analisáveis devido às características desta área óssea. É clara a preponderância de fracturas de delineação curva, contudo predominam os ângulos mistos e superfícies irregulares (Tabela 2).</span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: center; line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: center; line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">Tabela 2: Análise dos planos de fractura segundo a delineação, ângulo e superfície.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div align="center" style=" ;font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><table class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; color:initial;"><tbody><tr><td width="67" style="width: 67.35pt; border-width: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Planos de fractura<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="358" colspan="5" style="width: 358.45pt; border-width: initial; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Elementos<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="67" style="text-align: left;width: 67.35pt; border-width: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td width="76" style="width: 76.25pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">FémurD<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="75" style="width: 75.2pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">RádioE<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="75" style="width: 74.7pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">TíbiaD<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="66" style="width: 66.15pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">TíbiaE<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="66" style="width: 66.15pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">ÚmeroD<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="67" style="width: 67.35pt; border-width: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">1<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="76" style="width: 76.25pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-O-S<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="75" style="width: 75.2pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-O-S<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="75" style="width: 74.7pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-M-I<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="66" style="width: 66.15pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-O-S<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="66" style="width: 66.15pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-O-S<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="67" style="width: 67.35pt; border-width: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">2<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="76" style="width: 76.25pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-M-I<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="75" style="width: 75.2pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">L-R-S<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="75" style="width: 74.7pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-M-I<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="66" style="width: 66.15pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-O-I<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="66" style="width: 66.15pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-M-I<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="67" style="width: 67.35pt; border-width: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">3<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="76" style="width: 76.25pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-M-I<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="75" style="text-align: left;width: 75.2pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td width="75" style="text-align: left;width: 74.7pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td width="66" style="width: 66.15pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-M-I<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="66" style="width: 66.15pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-M-I<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="67" style="width: 67.35pt; border-width: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">4<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="76" style="width: 76.25pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-M-S<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="75" style="text-align: left;width: 75.2pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td width="75" style="text-align: left;width: 74.7pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td width="66" style="width: 66.15pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">L-M-I<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="66" style="width: 66.15pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-MI<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="67" style="width: 67.35pt; border-width: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">5<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="76" style="width: 76.25pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">C-O-S<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="75" style="text-align: left;width: 75.2pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td width="75" style="text-align: left;width: 74.7pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td width="66" style="width: 66.15pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">T-M-I<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="66" style="text-align: left;width: 66.15pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="67" style="width: 67.35pt; border-width: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">6</span></span></p></td><td width="76" style="text-align: left;width: 76.25pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td width="75" style="text-align: left;width: 75.2pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td width="75" style="text-align: left;width: 74.7pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td><td width="66" style="width: 66.15pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; border-right- padding-top: 0cm; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="text-align: left;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">L-R-S<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td width="66" style="text-align: left;width: 66.15pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right-style: initial; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; color:initial;"><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 24px; "><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: left;line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><b><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: left;line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><b><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Agradecimentos: <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">gostaria de agradecer à Smartie, doravante também conhecida como "Bónita", pelo inesperado contributo nesta experiência.</span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: left;line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><b><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><b><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><b><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Referências bibliográficas</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:'Times New Roman';color:black;">- Binford, L.R., 1981. Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. Academic Press, New York.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">- Bonnichsen, R., 1979. Pleistocene bone technology in the Beringian Refugium. </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">NMM, Otawa.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style=" ;font-family:'Times New Roman';">- Bunn, H.T., 1983. Comparative analysis of modern bone assemblages from a San hunter-gatherer camp in the Kalahari Desert, Botswana, and from spotted hyena den near Nairobi, Kenya. In:<i></i>Vlutton-Brock, J. and Grigson, C. (Eds.), Animals and Archaeology, Hunters and their Prey, BAR International Series 163, Vol. I., pp. 143-148.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:'Times New Roman';color:black;">- Haynes, G., 1980. Evidence of carnivore gnawing on Pleistocene and recent mammalian bones. Paleobiology 6, 341-351.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:'Times New Roman';color:black;">- Haynes, G., 1983. A guide for differentiating mammalian carnivore taxa responsible for gnaw damage to herbivore limb bones. Paleobiology 9, 164-172.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:'Times New Roman';color:black;">- Haynes, G., 1985. On watering holes, mineral licks, death and predation. In: Mead, J. and Metzer, D. (Eds.), Environments and Extinctions: Man in Late Glacial North America. Center for the Study of Early Man, Orono, ME, pp. 53-71.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:'Times New Roman';color:black;">- Lyman, R.L., 1994. Vertebrate Taphonomy. University Press, Cambridge.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:'Times New Roman';color:black;">- Payne, S., Munson, P.J., 1985. Ruby and how many squirrels? The destruction of bones by dogs. In Fieller, N.R.J., Gilbertson, D.D. and Ralph, N.G.A. (Eds.), Palaeobiological Investigations: Research Design, Methods, and Data Analysis, BAR International Series S266. Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 31-39.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:'Times New Roman';color:black;">- Villa, P., Mahieu, E., 1991. Breakage patterns of human long bones. Journal of Human Evolution 21: 27-48.</span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:'Times New Roman';color:black;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: center;line-height: 24px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 24px; font-family:'Times New Roman';color:black;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Nelson Almeida</span></b></span></p>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-84391197932275672102011-05-05T12:38:00.003+01:002011-05-05T12:47:04.671+01:00A origem da acumulação de leporídeos da Gruta do Morgado superior (Alto Ribatejo, Portugal Central)<span style="font-size:85%;"><b style=""><span style="color:black;"></span></b></span><span style="font-family: trebuchet ms; font-weight: bold;font-size:85%;" ><u><span style="color:black;">Contexto</span></u></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;"><span style=""> </span>Na Gruta do Morgado superior (GMS) foram inteligíveis duas ocupações distintas (Tabela 1), numa estratigrafia estigmatizada por um forte remeximento que impossibilitou a separação dos restos arqueofaunísticos das diferentes camadas (A/B). Tendo estas atenuantes em mente, assim como a proveniência dos vestígios (sondagem 6m</span><sup><span style="color:black;">2</span></sup><span style="color:black;">) e o reduzido tamanho da colecção (NSP</span><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6705483828041423744#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";color:black;" lang="EN-US">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black;">=127) que foi analisada como se fosse um contexto uno, os dados devem ser interpretados à sombra destas especificidades. Somente apresentaremos os resultados referentes à acumulação de leporídeos.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;"><span style=""> </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;" align="center"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gjXDBBlJXbM/TcKNTwvrCPI/AAAAAAAABYs/ss0u9uEa2V0/s1600/image002.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 226px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gjXDBBlJXbM/TcKNTwvrCPI/AAAAAAAABYs/ss0u9uEa2V0/s320/image002.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5603196257044203762" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;">Figura 1: Localização da Gruta do Morgado superior.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;">Tabela 1: Descrição sumária da estratigrafia e registo arqueográfico da GMS (Cruz, 1997; Oosterbeek, 1997; Oosterbeek & Cruz, 1998).</span></span></p> <div style="font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;" align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="height: 16.9pt;"> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 21.4pt; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.9pt;" width="29"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">ID</span></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="width: 404.4pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; height: 16.9pt;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="539"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Descrição</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 13.6pt;"> <td style="width: 175.4pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 13.6pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="234"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Camada</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 229pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 13.6pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="305"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Registo Arqueográfico</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 22.7pt;"> <td style="width: 21.4pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 22.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" width="29"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">A</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 175.4pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 22.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="234"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Forte remeximento, c. 10 cm. de espessura, pulverulenta.</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 229pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 22.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="305"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Muito parco, estrutura de combustão parcialmente conservada e materiais históricos (séc. XVIII/XIX).</span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 20.55pt;"> <td style="width: 21.4pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 20.55pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" width="29"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">B</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 175.4pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 20.55pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="234"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">c. 30 cm. de espessura, parcialmente assente sobre manto estalagmítico.</span></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 229pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 20.55pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="305"> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%; page-break-after: avoid;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Enterramentos ( Neolítico final/Calcolítico), cerâmica incisa e lisa globular.</span></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u><span style="color:black;">Resultados</span></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;"><span style=""> </span>Para os restos identificados como<span style=""> <i>Oryctolagus cuniculus </i></span>(NISP</span><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6705483828041423744#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";color:black;" lang="EN-US">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black;">=51, MNE</span><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6705483828041423744#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";color:black;" lang="EN-US">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black;">=42, MNI</span><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6705483828041423744#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";color:black;" lang="EN-US">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color:black;">=6) e <i>Lepus </i>sp. (NISP=1, MNE=1, MNI=1) (Tabela 2), o cálculo de idades baseou-se na esqueletocronologia e características da superfície óssea (ex. Jones, 2006). O MNI obtido para <i style="">O. cuniculus</i> foi de 6, designadamente 5 indivíduos imaturos e 1 neonato; para <i style="">Lepus </i>sp. a completa fusão epifisial do fémur engloba este espécime na classe adulto. Averiguou-se uma predominânica de fracturação em fresco, tendo-se excluído a influência de aves na acumulação pelo que, <i style="">a priori</i>, a mesma resultaria de acção antrópica ou natural, incluindo uma possível acção de carnívoros. À falta de indicadores tafonómicos directos (ex. marcas de corte, fervura, marcas de dentes), para os leporídeos é usual recorrer-se a indicadores indirectos (ex. representação anatómica, perfis de idade, cilindros diafisários) para discernir do carácter antrópico ou não das acumulações (Hockett, 1991; Pérez Ripoll, 1993; Hockett & Bicho, 2000; Jones, 2006). </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;"><span style=""> </span>Neste conjunto averigua-se um predomínio de elementos atribuídos a <i>O. cuniculus</i> e outros restos de animais com <20 kg (GP1). Identificaram-se 13 cilindros diafisários de GP1, dos quais 9 correspondem a <i style="">O. cuniculus</i>. A acção de fogo apenas se evidenciou em 4 elementos de <i style="">O. cuniculus </i>e 1 de GP1 (grau 2, Stiner <i style="">et al.</i>, 1995). A influência de carnívoros encontra-se em 5 registos, sobretudo sob a forma de perfurações em plano de fractura de elementos de <i>O. cuniculus</i><span style="">, duas </span>perfurações isoladas em dois fragmentos de ossos longos de GP1 e uma depressão em fragmento de osso longo de GP1. As características métricas destas mordeduras parecem sugerir a acção de um pequeno carnívoro (ex. Selvaggio & Wilder, 2001; Domínguez-Rodrigo & Piqueras, 2003; Delaney-Riviera <i>et al.</i>, 2009).</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;">Tabela 2: Valores NISP (MNE) por elemento anatómico e taxon/cat. taxonómica.</span></span></p> <div style="font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;" align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="height: 12.1pt;"> <td style="width: 90.25pt; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; height: 12.1pt;" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <br /></td> <td style="width: 61.55pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; height: 12.1pt;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style="">Lepus</i> sp.</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 75pt; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: solid solid solid none; height: 12.1pt;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="100"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style="">O. cuniculus</i></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 13.65pt;"> <td style="width: 90.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 13.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Dente</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 61.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 13.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <br /></td> <td style="width: 75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 13.65pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="100"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">2(2)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 15.4pt;"> <td style="width: 90.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 15.4pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Hemimandíbula</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 61.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15.4pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <br /></td> <td style="width: 75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 15.4pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="100"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">2(2)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.7pt;"> <td style="width: 90.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 12.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Vértebra</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 61.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 12.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <br /></td> <td style="width: 75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 12.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="100"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">5(5)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.3pt;"> <td style="width: 90.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 14.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Costela</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 61.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <br /></td> <td style="width: 75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14.3pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="100"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">6(3)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.45pt;"> <td style="width: 90.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 14.45pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Pélvis</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 61.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14.45pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <br /></td> <td style="width: 75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14.45pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="100"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">3(3)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14pt;"> <td style="width: 90.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 14pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Fémur</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 61.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">1(1)</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="100"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">10(7)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.15pt;"> <td style="width: 90.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 14.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Tíbia</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 61.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <br /></td> <td style="width: 75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="100"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">8(6)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.4pt;"> <td style="width: 90.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 14.4pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Úmero</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 61.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14.4pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <br /></td> <td style="width: 75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14.4pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="100"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">3(2)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 13.85pt;"> <td style="width: 90.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 13.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Ulna</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 61.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 13.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <br /></td> <td style="width: 75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 13.85pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="100"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">1(1)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.1pt;"> <td style="width: 90.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 14.1pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Metatarso</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 61.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14.1pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <br /></td> <td style="width: 75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14.1pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="100"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">3(3)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.25pt;"> <td style="width: 90.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 14.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Metápodo</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 61.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <br /></td> <td style="width: 75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="100"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">3(3)</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 14.5pt;"> <td style="width: 90.25pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; height: 14.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;" width="120"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">Calcâneo</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 61.55pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="82"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <br /></td> <td style="width: 75pt; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 14.5pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;" width="100"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">5(5)</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;">Discussão</span></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="color:black;">O número de cilindros diafisários e<span style=""> </span>fragmentos com evidências de uso de fogo não são conclusivos e, na nossa opinião, não são suficientes face à ausência de Indicadores tafonómicos directos de uma influência antrópica na acumulação. Retirando da equação a acção de aves e tendo em conta os dados obtidos da análise das mordeduras cogitamos uma acção da parte de um carnívoro de porte pequeno. O predomínio de elementos dos membros posteriores (fémur e tibia), assim como a tipologia e localização das marcas de dentes, a reduzida percentagem de mandíbulas e padrões demográficos favorecem esta aproximação. Em detrimento, o reduzido número de vertebras por indivíduo, a presença de cilindros diafisários e fragmentos com evidências de acção de fogo podem apontar uma influência antrópica. Poderemos estar face a uma acumulação mista, contudo os dados são inconclusivos e somente com a continuação das escavações e o incremento do registo arqueofaunístico se poderá contrastar tal possibilidade.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u><span style="color:black;">Agradecimentos</span></u><span style="color:black;">: a João Belo pelo cartografia.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><u><span style="color:black;">Referências bibliográficas</span></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";color:black;" > </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";color:black;" >Cruz, A.R., 1997. Vale do Nabão do Neolítico à Idade do Bronze. Arkeos 3. Tomar: Ceiphar.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";color:black;" >Delaney-Rivera, C., Plummer, T.W., Hodgson, J.A., Forrest, F., Hertel, F., Oliver, J.S., 2009. </span><span style=";color:black;" lang="EN-US">Pits and Pitfalls: taxonomic variability and patterning in tooth mark dimensions. Journal of Archaeological Science 36, pp. 2597- 2608.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";color:black;" lang="EN-US">Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Piqueras, A., 2003. The Use of Tooth Pits to Identify Carnivore Taxa in Tooth-Marked Archaeofaunas and their Relevance to Reconstruct Hominid Carcass Processing Behaviors. Journal of Archaeological Science 30, pp. 1385-1391.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";color:black;" lang="EN-US">Hockett, B. S., 1991. Toward Distinguishing Human and Raptor Patterning on Leporid Bones. American Antiquity 56 (4), pp. 667-679.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";color:black;" lang="EN-US">Hockett, B. S., Bicho, N., 2000. The Rabbits of Picareiro Cave: small mammal hunting during the Latter Upper Paleolithic in the portuguese Estremadura.<i> </i>Journal of Archaeological Science 27, pp. 715-723.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";color:black;" lang="EN-US">Jones, E.L., 2006. Prey Choice, Mass Collecting, and the Wild European Rabbit (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 25, pp. 275-289.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";color:black;" lang="EN-US">Oosterbeek, L., 1997. Echoes from the East: late Prehistory of the North Ribatejo. </span><span style=";color:black;" >Arkeos 2. Tomar: Ceiphar.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";color:black;" >Oosterbeek, L., Cruz, A.R., 1998. Gruta do Morgado Superior. Techne 4. Tomar: Arqueojovem/Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, pp. 201-209.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";color:black;" lang="ES">Pérez Ripoll, M., 1993. Las Marcas Tafonomicas en Huesos de Lagomorfos. </span><span style=";color:black;" lang="EN-US">Estudios sobre Cuaternario, pp. 227-231.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";color:black;" lang="EN-US">Selvaggio, M.M., Wilder, J., 2001. Identifying the Involvement of Multiple Carnivore Taxa with Archaeological Bone Assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 28, pp. 465-470.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=";color:black;" lang="EN-US">Stiner, M.C., Kuhn, S.L., Weiner, S., Bar-Yosef, O., 1995. Differential Burning, Recrystallization, and Fragmentation of Archaeological Bone. Journal of Archaeological Science 22, pp. 223-237.</span><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;"><br /></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" face="trebuchet ms" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-family: trebuchet ms;" align="center"><span style="font-size:130%;"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;">Nelson Almeida</span></b></span></p> <div style="font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:trebuchet ms;" ><hr style="height: 2px;font-size:78%;" align="left" width="33%" > <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6705483828041423744#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Number of specimens.</span></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6705483828041423744#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Number of identified specimens.</span></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6705483828041423744#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Minimum number of elements.</span></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6705483828041423744#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Minimum number of individuals.</span></span></p> </div> </div>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-56359931397123398482011-04-29T15:33:00.000+01:002011-04-29T15:34:56.418+01:0021 000 visitas!!!<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-size:130%;" >É com bastante satisfação que a um mês de fazer 3 anos de existência informamos que este blog do nosso grupo de investigação ultrapassou hoje as 21 000 visitas! Queremos agradecer a tod@s os que colaboraram nesta divulgação, seja participando nos variados trabalhos, discussões, publicando pequenos trabalhos ou simplesmente visitando e aconselhando a visita.<br /><br />A tod@s pedimos que continuem com a colaboração de forma a manter esta divulgação de uma parte do que vamos fazendo na investigação e didáctica da tecnologia «pré-histórica».<br />Abraços</span>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6705483828041423744.post-56492160586411128942011-04-26T15:01:00.008+01:002011-04-26T15:29:55.910+01:00Macrolíticas pós-glaciares - simplesmente uso oportuno de matéria prima local?<span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">A ideia de que as abundantes indústrias sobre seixos rolados de quartzito associadas a sítios pós-glaciares é unicamente uma oportuna e muito simples exploração de matérias primas locais parece-nos cada vez mais redutora.</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="font-family: trebuchet ms;" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1LvFk-U4QVA/TbbUUO-XW4I/AAAAAAAABYA/sKDg8Aig0LU/s1600/exp2.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1LvFk-U4QVA/TbbUUO-XW4I/AAAAAAAABYA/sKDg8Aig0LU/s320/exp2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5599896630763936642" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Entre outras razões veja-se o caso dos inúmeros seixos talhados com planos de talhe muito abruptos e cuja produção não é nada fácil. Isto é, se têm estas características, não é porque a sua forma simplesmente condiciona ou se presta a isso, deliberadamente foi aplicada uma cadeia-operatória para que o resultado fosse esse. E até pode ser básico, mas fácil não é...</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="font-family: trebuchet ms;" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zds65g1BSis/TbbUmVwRccI/AAAAAAAABYg/JuPByvFY0ww/s1600/exp2d.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zds65g1BSis/TbbUmVwRccI/AAAAAAAABYg/JuPByvFY0ww/s320/exp2d.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5599896941821522370" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="font-family: trebuchet ms;" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ruwYoRH2G9w/TbbUehQRgKI/AAAAAAAABYQ/PwtK6mb918k/s1600/exp2b.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ruwYoRH2G9w/TbbUehQRgKI/AAAAAAAABYQ/PwtK6mb918k/s320/exp2b.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5599896807469580450" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="font-family: trebuchet ms;" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vyVNWmdgqQM/TbbUiwr5XlI/AAAAAAAABYY/SaIrHDnsgw0/s1600/exp2c.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vyVNWmdgqQM/TbbUiwr5XlI/AAAAAAAABYY/SaIrHDnsgw0/s320/exp2c.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5599896880331447890" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Porquê? Essa é outra história, certamente relacionada com uma funcionalidade especifica destas peças.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Sara Cura e Pedro Cura</span></span></span>Arqueologia experimental e experimentação didácticahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14526877718555489398noreply@blogger.com0